Continuous Mappings preserve Convergent Sequences

Theorem
Let $X, Y$ be normed vector spaces.

Let $c \in X$.

Let $f : X \to Y$ be a mapping.

Then $f$ is continuous at $c$ iff for every sequence $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N} \in X$ such that $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ converges to $c$, $\sequence {\map f {x_n}}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ converges to $\map f c$.

Necessary Condition
Suppose $f$ is continuous at $c$.

Let $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ be a sequence in $X$ such that $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ converges to $c$.

Let $\epsilon \in \R_{\mathop > 0}$.

By definition of continuous mapping:


 * $\exists \delta \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \forall x \in X : \norm {x - c} < \delta \implies \norm {\map f x - \map f c} < \epsilon$

Since $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ converges to $c$:


 * $\exists N \in \N : \forall n \in \N : n > \N \implies \norm {x_n - c} < \delta$

By continuity and since $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N} \in X$:


 * $\norm {\map f {x_n} - \map f c} < \epsilon$

Choice of $\epsilon$ was arbitrary.

Hence:


 * $\forall \epsilon \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \exists N \in \N : \forall n \in \N : n > \N \implies \norm {\map f {x_n} - \map f c} < \epsilon$

By definition, $\sequence {\map f {x_n}}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ converges to $\map f c$.

Sufficient Condition
By definition of continuous mapping:


 * $\forall \epsilon \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \exists \delta \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \forall x \in X : \norm {x - c} < \delta \implies \norm {\map f x - \map f c} < \epsilon$

Suppose $f$ is not continuous at $c$.

By De Morgan's laws and negation of implication:


 * $\exists \epsilon \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \forall \delta \in \R_{\mathop > 0} : \exists x \in X : \paren {\norm {x - c} < \delta} \land \paren {\norm {\map f x - \map f c} \ge \epsilon}$

Consider a sequence $\ds \delta_n = \frac 1 n$ where $n \in \N$.

Then there exists a sequence $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ in $X$ such that:


 * $\ds \forall n \in \N : \norm {x_n - c} < \delta_n$.

At the same time we have that:


 * $\forall n \in \N : \norm {\map f {x_n} - \map f c} \ge \epsilon$

By definition of convergent sequence:


 * $\forall \epsilon' \in \R_{>0}: \exists N \in \N: \forall n \in \N: n > N \implies \norm {x_n - L} < \epsilon'$

Let $N \in \N$.

Let $\epsilon' := \delta_N$

Then:


 * $\forall n \in \N : n > N \implies \norm {x_n - c} < \delta_n < \delta_N$

But $N \in \N$ was arbitrary.

Hence, $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is convergent with limit $c$.

However, $\sequence {\map f {x_n}}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ does not converge to $\map f c$ because:


 * $\forall n \in \N : \norm {\map f {x_n} - \map f c} \ge \epsilon$

In other words, if $f$ is not continuous at $c$ then not for all $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ convergent to $c$ $\sequence {\map f {x_n}}$ converges to $\map f c$.

By rule of transposition, if for all $\sequence {x_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ convergent to $c$ $\sequence {\map f {x_n}}$ converges to $\map f c$ then $f$ is continuous at $c$.