Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Quadratic Functional to be Positive Definite/Dependent on N Functions

Theorem
Let $K$ be a functional, such that:


 * $\displaystyle K \sqbrk {\mathbf h} = \int_a^b \paren {\mathbf h' \mathbf P \mathbf h' + \mathbf h \mathbf Q \mathbf h} \rd x$

where $\mathbf h$ is an N-dimensional vector, $\mathbf Q$ is a $N\times N$ matrix, and $\mathbf P$ is a $N\times N$ symmetric positive definite matrix.

Suppose $\closedint a b$ does not contain a point conjugate to $a$.

Then:
 * $\forall \mathbf h: \map {\mathbf h} a = \map {\mathbf h} b = 0: K \sqbrk {\mathbf h} > 0$

the above holds.

Necessary Condition
Let $\mathbf W$ be an arbitrary differentiable symmetric matrix.

Then

Suppose, $\mathbf W$ is such that:


 * $\displaystyle\mathbf Q+\mathbf W'=\mathbf W\mathbf P^{-1}\mathbf W$

Then:

Note that:
 * $\displaystyle\mathbf P^{1/2}\mathbf h'+\mathbf P^{-1/2}\mathbf W\mathbf h\ne 0$

unless:
 * $\displaystyle\map {\mathbf h} x=0:\forall x\in\closedint a b$

However, this contradicts the absence of conjugate points.

Thus, $K>0$.

Sufficient Condition
Consider the following functional:


 * $\displaystyle\int_a^b\sqbrk{Kt+\mathbf h'\paren{1-t}\mathbf h'}\rd x$

The corresponding Euler's equations are:


 * $\displaystyle -\frac \d {\d x}\sqbrk{t\mathbf P\mathbf h'+\paren{1-t}\mathbf h'}+t\mathbf Q\mathbf h=0$

Suppose the interval $\closedint a b$ contains a point $\tilde a$ conjugate to $a$.

Hence the determinant $\size {h_{ij} }$ vanishes.

Therefore there exists a linear combination of $h_i$ not identically equal to zero such that $\map {\mathbf h} {\tilde a}=0$.

Furthermore, since the Euler's equations are continuous $t$, so is the solution of this equation.

Suppose, $\tilde a=b$.

By lemma, $K$ vanishes.

This contradicts the positive definiteness of $K$.

Therefore, $\tilde a\ne b$.

Thus, for $t=1$ the conjugate point may only reside in $\openint a b$.