Abel's Lemma/Formulation 1

Lemma
Let $\left \langle {a} \right \rangle$ and $\left \langle {b} \right \rangle$ be sequences in an arbitrary ring $R$.

Then:
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_k \left({b_{k + 1} - b_k}\right) = a_{n + 1} b_{n + 1} - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n \left({a_{k + 1} - a_k}\right) b_{k + 1}$

Note that although proved for the general ring, this result is usually applied to one of the conventional number fields $\Z, \Q, \R$ and $\C$.

Also reported as
Some sources give this as:


 * $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n \left({a_{k + 1} - a_k}\right) b_k = a_{n + 1} b_{n + 1} - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_{k + 1} \left({b_{k + 1} - b_k}\right)$

which is obtained from the main result by interchanging $a$ and $b$.

Others take the upper index to $n - 1$:


 * $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} \left({a_{k + 1} - a_k}\right) b_k = a_n b_n - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} a_{k + 1} \left({b_{k + 1} - b_k}\right)$