Quaternion Group is Hamiltonian

Theorem
The quaternion group $Q$ is Hamiltonian.

Proof
For clarity the Cayley table of $Q$ is presented below:


 * $\begin{array}{c|cccccccc}

& \mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i &  \mathbf j &  \mathbf k & -\mathbf j & -\mathbf k \\ \hline \mathbf 1 & \mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i &  \mathbf j &  \mathbf k & -\mathbf j & -\mathbf k \\ \mathbf i & \mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i &  \mathbf 1 &  \mathbf k & -\mathbf j & -\mathbf k &  \mathbf j \\ -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i & \mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i & -\mathbf j & -\mathbf k &  \mathbf j &  \mathbf k \\ -\mathbf i & -\mathbf i & \mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 & -\mathbf k &  \mathbf j &  \mathbf k & -\mathbf j \\ \mathbf j & \mathbf j & -\mathbf k & -\mathbf j &  \mathbf k & -\mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i &  \mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i \\ \mathbf k & \mathbf k &  \mathbf j & -\mathbf k & -\mathbf j & -\mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i &  \mathbf 1 \\ -\mathbf j & -\mathbf j & \mathbf k &  \mathbf j & -\mathbf k &  \mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 &  \mathbf i \\ -\mathbf k & -\mathbf k & -\mathbf j & \mathbf k &  \mathbf j &  \mathbf i &  \mathbf 1 & -\mathbf i & -\mathbf 1 \end{array}$

By definition $Q$ is Hamiltonian iff $Q$ is non-abelian and every subgroup of $Q$ is normal.

$Q$ is non-abelian as demonstrated by the counter-example:

$ij \ne ji$

Using Lagrange's theorem and inspection it can be established that the subgroups of $Q$ are:


 * $Q$
 * $\left\langle {i} \right\rangle$
 * $\left\langle {j} \right\rangle$
 * $\left\langle {k} \right\rangle$
 * $\left\langle {-1} \right\rangle$
 * $\{1\}$

$Q$ and $\{1\}$ are normal subgroups as demonstrated here.

All other subgroups have an index of 2 as proved here.

Hence the result.