Definition:Turing Machine

Definition
A Turing machine is an abstract machine which works by manipulating symbols on an imaginary piece of paper by means of a specific set of algorithmic rules. To simplify things, the piece of paper being worked on is in the form of a series of boxes on a one-dimensional "tape" divided into squares.

Each square can be either blank or can contain a symbol taken from a finite set, e.g. $s_1, s_2, \ldots, s_\alpha$.

The machine examines one square at a time, and carries out an action determined by both:
 * $(1): \quad$ the symbol in the square
 * $(2): \quad$ the current internal state of the machine.

The internal state of the machine is a way of providing a device that can keep track of the symbols in other squares.

There can be only a finite set of these states, say $q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_\beta$.

The actions that the machine can take are as follows:
 * $(1): \quad$ Replace the symbol in the square with another symbol
 * $(2): \quad$ Move to examine the square in the immediate left of the current square being looked at
 * $(3): \quad$ Move to examine the square in the immediate right of the current square being looked at.

After carrying out an action, the machine may change to a different internal state.

The program for the machine is a set of instructions which specify:
 * $(1): \quad$ what action to take in some possible combinations of the internal state and symbol in the square currently being read
 * $(2): \quad$ which internal state the machine moves into after carrying out that action.

Thus the instructions have the following form:
 * $q_i \quad s_j \quad A \quad q_t$

which is interpreted as:

"If:
 * the machine is in internal state $q_i$
 * the symbol in the square currently being examined is $s_j$

then:
 * Carry out action $A$
 * Move into internal state $q_t$.

The actions can be abbreviated to:
 * $L$: Move one square to the left
 * $R$: Move one square to the right
 * $s_k$: Replace the symbol in the square currently being read with symbol $s_k$.

The computation stops when there is no instruction which specifies what should be done in the current combination of internal state and symbol being read.

Formal Definition
A Turing machine is a 7-tuple $\paren {Q, \Sigma, \Gamma, \delta, q_0, B, F}$ that satisfies the following:
 * $Q$ is a finite set, the states of the machine.
 * $\Sigma$ is a finite set, the input symbols.
 * $\Gamma \supsetneq \Sigma$ is a finite superset of the input symbols, called the tape symbols.
 * For convenience, we also require that $\Gamma$ and $Q$ are disjoint.
 * $\delta : Q \times \Gamma \to Q \times \Gamma \times \set {L, R}$ is a partial mapping, the transition function.
 * $L$ and $R$ are arbitrary constants called directions.
 * $q_0 \in Q$ is a distinguished state called the start state.
 * $B \in \Gamma$ is a distinguished tape symbol called the blank symbol. $B$ must not be an element of $\Sigma$.
 * $F \subset Q$ be a designated subset of the states called accepting states.

An instantaneous description of a Turing machine is a finite sequence of elements of $\Gamma \cup Q$, subject to the following conditions:
 * There is exactly one element of $Q$ in the sequence.
 * The first entry in the sequence is not $B$.
 * The last entry in the sequence is not in $Q$.
 * If the last entry in the sequence is $B$, then the second-to-last is in $Q$.

By this definition, an instantaneous description can always be written as:
 * $X_m X_{m-1} \dotsm X_2 X_1 q Y Z_1 Z_2 \dotsm Z_{n-1} Z_n$

where $m$ or $n$ may be $0$; $X_i$, $Y$, and $Z_j$ are all elements of $\Gamma$; and $q$ is an element of $Q$.

Additionally, $X_m$ and $Z_n$ are not $B$ if they exist; that is, if $m$ and $n$ are not $0$, respectively.

A move reduces one instantaneous description into another by applying the transition function.

We write $A \vdash B$ if a machine with instantaneous description $A$ has, after a single move, instantaneous description $B$.

Let $\map \delta {q, Y} = \paren{q', Y', d}$.

Then there are seven cases to consider:


 * If $d = L$ and $m > 0$, and either $n > 0$ or $Y' \neq B$ then:
 * $X_m \dotsm X_2 X_1 q Y Z_1 \dotsm Z_n \vdash X_m \dotsm X_2 q' X_1 Y' Z_1 \dotsm Z_n$


 * If $d = L$ and $m > 0$, but $n = 0$ and $Y' = B$ then:
 * $X_m \dotsm X_2 X_1 q Y \vdash X_m \dotsm X_2 q' X_1$


 * If $d = L$ but $m = 0$, and either $n > 0$ or $Y' \neq B$ then:
 * $q Y Z_1 \dotsm Z_n \vdash q' B Y' Z_1 \dotsm Z_n$


 * If $d = R$ and $n > 0$, and either $m > 0$ or $Y' \neq B$ then:
 * $X_m \dotsm X_1 q Y Z_1 Z_2 \dotsm Z_n \vdash X_m \dotsm X_1 Y' q' Z_1 Z_2 \dotsm Z_n$


 * If $d = R$ and $n > 0$, but $m = 0$ and $Y' = B$ then:
 * $q Y Z_1 Z_2 \dotsm Z_n \vdash q' Z_1 Z_2 \dotsm Z_n$


 * If $d = R$ but $n = 0$, and either $m > 0$ or $Y' \neq B$ then:
 * $X_m \dotsm X_1 q Y \vdash X_m \dotsm X_1 Y' q' B$


 * If $m = 0$, $n = 0$, and $Y' = B$ then regardless of $d$:
 * $q Y \vdash q' B$

If $\map \delta {q, Y}$ is undefined, then the machine halts.

If a machine halts after a finite number of moves in a final state $q \in F$, the machine accepts.

If it halts in a state $q \notin F$ it rejects.

A machine is started with input $A_1 \dotsm A_k$, where each $A_i \in \Sigma$, if the first instantaneous description is:
 * $q_0 A_1 \dotsm A_k$

If the first instantaneous description is $q_0 B$, then the input is defined to be the null string.

The set of inputs that the machine accepts is the language accepted by the machine.

When a machine accepts, let the last instantaneous description be $X_m \dotsm X_1 q Y Z_1 \dotsm Z_n$

Then the longest substring of $X_m \dotsm X_1 Y Z_1 \dotsm Z_n$ such that neither the first nor last symbol is $B$ is the machine's output.

Also known as
Such a machine is also known as a deterministic Turing machine to distinguish it from the nondeterministic version.

Also see

 * Definition:Nondeterministic Turing Machine