Book:Merrilee H. Salmon/Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking

Subject Matter

 * Logic
 * Probability Theory

Contents

 * Preface to the First Edition


 * Preface to the Third Edition


 * Chapter One. Introduction to Arguments
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Arguments
 * III. Recognizing Arguments
 * IV. Extended Arguments
 * V. Reconstructing Arguments
 * 1. Incompletely Stated Arguments
 * 2. Contextual Clues for Reconstructing Arguments
 * VI. Review
 * Chapter Two. Paying Special Attention to the Language of Arguments
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Ambiguity
 * III. Vagueness
 * IV. Definition
 * 1. Ostensive Definition
 * 2. Verbal Extensional Defunition
 * 3. Intensional Definition
 * i. Definitions that Show How a Word Is Commonly Used
 * ii. Definitions that Introduce a New Word into the Language
 * iii. Definitions that Reduce Vagueness
 * iv. Definitions for Theoretical Purposes
 * v. Defiinitions Designed to Transfer Emotive Force
 * 4. Syntactic Definitions and Implicit Definition
 * 5. Operational Definitions
 * V. Review
 * Chapter Three. Deductive Arguments, Inductive Arguments, Fallacies
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Deductive Arguments
 * III. Inductive Arguments
 * IV. Fallacies
 * V. Review
 * Chapter Four. A Closer Look At Inductive Arguments
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Statistical Syllogisms
 * 1. Form of Statistical Syllogisms
 * 2. Standards for the Strength of Statistical Syllogisms
 * 3. The Fallacy of Incomplete Evidence
 * 4. Special Types of Statistical Syllogism
 * i. Arguments from Authority
 * ii. Arguments Against the Person (Argumentatum Ad Hominem)
 * iii. Arguments from Consensus
 * 5. Missing Premisses in Statistical Syllogisms
 * 6. An Incorrect Form of Inductive Argument
 * III. Arguments From Analogy
 * 1. Form of Arguments from Analogy
 * 2. Standards for the Strength of Analogical Arguments
 * 3. Fallacies Associated with Analogical Arguments
 * 4. Analogy in Archaeology and in Legal and Moral Reasoning
 * 5. Analogy and the Slippery Slope
 * IV. Arguments Based on Samples
 * 1. Preliminary Account of the Form of Arguments Based on Samples
 * 2. Standards for the Strength of Inductive Generalizations
 * 3. Fallacies Associated with Inductive Generalizations
 * 4. The Revised Form of Inductive Generalization
 * V. Extended Inductive Arguments
 * VI. Pro and Con Arguments
 * VII. Review
 * Chapter Five. Causal Arguments
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Mill's Method for Establishing Causal Claims
 * 1. The Method of Agreement
 * 2. The Method of Difference
 * 3. The Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
 * 4. The Method of Concomitant Variation
 * 5. The Method of Residues
 * III. Controlled Experiments
 * IV. Different Uses of "Cause"
 * V. Hume's Analysis of Causation
 * VI. Causal Fallacies
 * 1. Confusing Coincidental Relationships with Causes (Post Hoc)
 * 2. Ignoring a Common Cause
 * 3. Confusing Cause and Effect
 * 4. Genetic Fallacy: Reasons and Causes
 * 5. Confusing the Harm or Benefits that Result from Holding a Belief with Evidence for It
 * VII. Review
 * Chapter Six. Probabilities and Inductive Logic
 * I. Introduction
 * II. The Rules of Probability
 * III. Decision Theory: Using Probabilities to Plan a Course of Action
 * 1. Decisions Under Risk
 * 2. Decisions Under Certainty
 * 3. Decisions Under Uncertainty
 * 4. The Prisoner's Dilemma
 * 5. The Petersburg Paradox
 * 6. The Law of Averages and the Gamblers' Fallacy
 * IV. Review
 * Chapter Seven. Deductive Reasoning: Conditional Arguments
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Properties of Deductive Arguments: Validity and the Importance of Logical Form
 * III. Conditional Sentences
 * 1. The Structure of Conditionals
 * 2. The Truth of Conditionals
 * IV. Conditional Arguments
 * 1. Affirming the Antecedent
 * 2. Denying the Consequent
 * 3. Unstated Premisses in Conditional Arguments
 * V. Fallacies Associated with Conditional Arguments
 * 1. Fallacious (Invalid) Forms of Argument
 * 2. Invalid and Fallacious Arguments
 * VI. Review
 * Chapter Eight. Confirmation of Hypotheses
 * I. Hypotheses
 * II. The Hypothetico-Deductive Method
 * III. Complexities in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method
 * 1. Auxiliary Hypotheses
 * 2. Alternative Hypotheses
 * 3. Form of Inductive Arguments of Confirmation
 * 4. Confirming a Causal Hypothesis
 * IV. Incremental Confirmation and "Absolute" Confirmation
 * V. Disconfirmation
 * 1. Crucial Tests
 * 2. Disconfirming a Causal Hypothesis
 * VI. Bayesian Confirmation
 * 1. Bayes's Theorem
 * VII. Review
 * Chapter Nine. Arguments in Which Validity Depends on Connections Among Sentences
 * I. Introduction
 * 1. Hypothetical Syllogisms
 * 2. Dilemmas
 * 3. False Dilemmas
 * 4. Disjunctive Syllogisms
 * II. Symbolizing Connectives
 * III. Symbolizing English Sentences
 * IV. Determining the Truth Values of Compound Sentence Forms
 * V. Determining the Validity or Invalidity of Argument Forms
 * VI. Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingent Sentences
 * VII. Logic and Computers: Application of Truth-Functional Logic
 * 1. Representation of Numbers
 * i. Decimal System
 * ii. Binary System
 * 2. Binary Addition
 * 3. Constructing an Adder
 * 4. Disjunctive Normal Forms
 * VIII. Review
 * Chapter Ten. Categorical Syllogisms
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Categorical Sentences
 * 1. Relationships among Categorical Sentences - the Traditional Square of Opposition
 * 2. Existential Import and the Modern Square of Opposition
 * III. Translating English Sentences Into Standard Categorical Forms
 * 1. A Sentences
 * 2. E Sentences
 * 3. I Sentences
 * 4. O Sentences
 * IV. Testing for Validity With Venn Diagrams
 * V. Distribution of Terms
 * VI. Rules for Testing the Validity of Syllogisms
 * 1. Three Rules for Valid Syllogisms
 * 2. Examples of Using the Rules to Test Validity
 * VII. Reducing the Number of Terms in Syllogisms
 * IX. Quasi-Syllogisms and Sorites
 * 1. Quasi-Syllogisms
 * 2. Sorites
 * X. Review
 * Chapter Eleven. Arguments in Which Validity Depends on Relationships
 * I. Introduction
 * II. Examples of Relational Arguments
 * III. Important Properties of Relationships
 * IV. Using Quantifiers to Express Relationships
 * 1. Symbolizing the Universal Quantifier
 * 2. Symbolizing the Existential Quantifier
 * 3. Symbolizing Relational Sentences
 * 4. Multiple Quantifiers
 * 5. The Fallacy of Every and All
 * V. Symbolizing Arguments
 * VI. Review
 * Appendix One. Proof Method for Truth-Functional Logic
 * I. Introduction
 * II. The Proof Method
 * III. Justifying the Rules of Inference
 * Appendix Two. Index of Fallacies


 * Bibliography


 * Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises


 * Index