Wedderburn's Theorem

Theorem
Every finite division ring $D$ is a field.

Proof
Let $D$ be a finite division ring.

If $D$ is shown commutative then, by definition, $D$ is a field.

Let $Z \left({D}\right)$ be the center of $D$, that is:


 * $\left\{{z \in D: \forall d \in D: z d = d z}\right\}$

From Center of Division Ring is Subfield it follows that $Z \left({D}\right)$ is a Galois field.

Thus from Characteristic of Galois Field is Prime the characteristic of $Z \left({D}\right)$ is a prime number $p$.

From Field of Prime Characteristic has Unique Prime Subfield, the prime subfield of $Z \left({D}\right)$ is isomorphic to $\Z / \left({p}\right)$.

From Division Ring is Vector Space over Prime Subfield, $Z \left({D}\right)$ is thus a vector space over $\Z / \left({p}\right)$.

From Vector Space over Division Subring, $D$ is a vector space over $Z \left({D}\right)$.

Since $Z \left({D}\right)$ and $D$ are finite, both vector spaces are of finite dimension.

Let $n$ and $m$ be the dimension of the two vector spaces respectively.

It now follows from Cardinality of Finite Vector Space that $Z \left({D}\right)$ has $p^n$ elements and $D$ has $\left({p^n}\right)^m$ elements.

Now the idea behind the rest of the proof is as follows.

We want to show $D$ is commutative.

We know $Z \left({D}\right)$ is commutative, and if we can show $D = Z \left({D}\right)$ we have finished.

Now if we can show:
 * $\left \vert{D}\right \vert = \left \vert{Z \left({D}\right)}\right \vert$

then $D = Z \left({D}\right)$, and again, we have finished.

Now by considering $Z \left({D}\right)$ and $D$ as modules as we have that if $m = 1$ then:
 * $\left \vert{D}\right \vert = \left \vert{Z \left({D}\right)}\right \vert$

and we have finished.

Thus it remains to show that $m = 1$.

In a finite group, let $x_j$ be a representative of the conjugacy class $\left({x_j}\right)$ (the representative does not matter).

Let there be $l$ (distinct) non-singleton conjugacy classes.

Let $N_D \left({x}\right)$ be the normalizer of $x$ with respect to $D$.

Then we know by the Conjugacy Class Equation that:
 * $\displaystyle \left \vert{D}\right \vert = \left \vert{Z \left({D}\right)}\right \vert + \sum_{j \mathop = 0}^{l-1} \left[{D: N_D \left({x_j}\right)}\right]$

which by Lagrange's theorem is:
 * $\displaystyle \left \vert{D}\right \vert + \sum_{j \mathop = 1}^l \frac{\left \vert{D}\right \vert}{\left \vert{N_D(x_j)}\right \vert}$

Now we specialize just a bit.

We consider the group of units $U \left({D}\right)$ in $D$.

Consider what the above equation tells if we start with $U \left({D}\right)$ instead of $D$.

If we centralize a multiplicative unit that is in the center, from Conjugacy Class of Element of Center is Singleton we get a singleton conjugacy class.

Bear in mind that the above sum only considers non-singleton classes.

Thus choose some element $u$ not in the center, so $N_D \left({u}\right)$ is not $D$.

However, $Z \left({D}\right) \subset N_D \left({u}\right)$ since any element in the center commutes with everything in $D$ including $u$.

Then:
 * $\left|{N_D \left({u}\right)}\right| = \left({p^n}\right)^m$

for $r < m$.

Suppose there are $l$ such $u$.

Then:

We need two results to finish.
 * $(1):\quad$ If $p^k - 1 \mathop \backslash p^j-1$, then $k \mathop \backslash j$

where $\backslash$ denotes divisibility.


 * $(2)\quad$ If $j \mathop \backslash k$ then $\Phi_n \mathop \backslash \dfrac{x^j - 1} {x^k - 1}$

where $\Phi_n$ denotes the $n$th cyclotomic polynomial.

Aiming for a contradiction, suppose $m > 1$.

Let $\gamma_i$ be an $m$th primitive root of unity.

Then the above used conjugacy class theorem tells us how to compute size of $U \left({D}\right)$ using non-central elements $u_j$.

However, in doing so, we have that:
 * $\left({q^n}\right)^{\alpha_i} - 1 \mathop \backslash \left({q^n}\right)^m - 1$

Thus by the first result:
 * $\alpha_i \mathop \backslash m$

Thus:
 * $\Phi_m \mathop \backslash \dfrac {x^m - 1} {x^{\alpha_i} - 1}$

However:
 * $\left\vert{p^n - \gamma_i}\right\vert > p^n - 1$

Thus the division is impossible.

This contradicts our assumption that $m > 1$.

Hence $m = 1$ and the result follows, as determined above.

He first published it in 1905. However, his proof had a gap in it.

The first complete proof was supplied by.

It is also known as Wedderburn's Little Theorem.