Cardinality of Set of All Mappings

Theorem
The cardinality of the set of all mappings from $$S$$ to $$T$$ (that is, the total number of mappings from $$S$$ to $$T$$) is:


 * $$\left|{T^S}\right| = \left|{T}\right| ^ {\left|{S}\right|}$$

Proof
Let $$\left|{S}\right| = n$$ and $$\left|{T}\right| = m$$.


 * First suppose that $$n = 0$$, i.e. that $$S = \varnothing$$.

The only element of $$T^\varnothing$$ is the null relation $$\varnothing \times T$$. So $$\left|{T^\varnothing}\right| = 1 = m^0$$.

So the result holds for $$n = 0$$.


 * Next, suppose that $$m = 0$$, i.e. that $$T = \varnothing$$.

From Null Mapping, the null relation $$\mathcal{R} = \varnothing \subseteq S \times T$$ is not a mapping unless $$S = \varnothing$$.

So if $$n > 0$$, then $$\left|{\varnothing^S}\right| = 0 = 0^n$$ and the result holds.

If $$S = \varnothing = T$$, $$\left|{T^S}\right| = 1 = 0^0 = m^n$$, and the result holds.

This fits in with the preferred definition of the value of $$0^0$$.


 * Finally, suppose $$m > 0$$ and $$n > 0$$.

Let $$\sigma: \N_n \to S$$ and $$\tau: T \to \N_n$$ be bijections.

Then the mapping $$\Phi: T^S \to \left({\N_m}\right)^{\left({\N_n}\right)}$$ defined as:


 * $$\forall f \in T^S: \Phi \left({f}\right) = \tau \circ f \circ \sigma$$

(where $$\left({\N_m}\right)^{\left({\N_n}\right)}$$ is the set of all mappings from $$\N_n$$ to $$\N_m$$) is also a bijection.

So we need only consider the case where $$S = \N_n$$ and $$T = \N_m$$.


 * Let $$m \in \N^*$$.

For each $$n \in \N$$, let $$\mathbb T \left({n, m}\right)$$ be the set of all mappings from $$\N_n$$ to $$\N_m$$. Let:


 * $$\mathbb S = \left\{{n \in \N: \left|{\mathbb T \left({n, m}\right)}\right| = m^n}\right\}$$

We have seen that $$0 \in \mathbb S$$.

Let $$n \in \mathbb S$$.

Let $$\rho: \mathbb T \left({n+1, m}\right) \to \mathbb T \left({n, m}\right)$$ defined by:


 * $$\forall f \in \mathbb T \left({n+1, m}\right): \rho \left({f}\right) =$$ the restriction of $$f$$ to $$\N_n$$

Given that $$g \in \mathbb T \left({n, m}\right)$$, and $$k \in \N_m$$, let $$g_k: \N_{n+1} \to \N_m$$ be defined by:



\forall x \in \N_{n+1}: g_k \left({x}\right) = \begin{cases} g \left({x}\right): & x \in \N_n \\ k: & x = n \end{cases} $$

Then:


 * $$\rho^{-1} \left({\left\{{g}\right\}}\right) = \left\{{g_0, \ldots, g_{m-1}}\right\}$$

Thus $$\rho^{-1} \left({\left\{{g}\right\}}\right)$$ has $$m$$ elements. So clearly:


 * $$\left\{{\rho^{-1} \left({\left\{{g}\right\}}\right): g \in \mathbb T \left({n, m}\right)}\right\}$$

is a partition of $$\mathbb T \left({n+1, m}\right)$$.

Hence, as $$n \in \mathbb S$$, the set $$\mathbb T \left({n+1, m}\right)$$ has $$m \cdot m^n = m^{n+1}$$ elements by Number of Elements in Partition.

Thus $$n + 1 \in \mathbb S$$.

By induction, $$\mathbb S = \N$$ and the proof is complete.

Comment
The question of whether to define $$0^0 = 0$$ or $$0^0 = 1$$ keeps students awake arguing for hours.

Here's another argument, in case you're not convinced, for defining $$0^0 = 1$$ as opposed to $$0^0 = 0$$ - another result kept nice and neat.