Cosine Function is Absolutely Convergent

Theorem
Let $x \in \R$ be a real number.

Let $\cos x$ be the cosine of $x$.

Then:
 * $\cos x$ is absolutely convergent for all $x \in \R$

Proof
Recall the definition of the cosine function:


 * $\displaystyle \cos x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left({-1}\right)^n \frac {x^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!} = 1 - \frac {x^2} {2!} + \frac {x^4} {4!} - \cdots$

For:
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left({-1}\right)^n \frac {x^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!}$

to be absolutely convergent, we want:
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left|{\left({-1}\right)^n \frac {x^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!}}\right| = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!}$

to be convergent.

But
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!}$

is just the terms of
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^n}{n!}$

for even $n$.

Thus:
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^{2n}}{\left({2n}\right)!} < \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^n}{n!}$

But:
 * $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left|{x}\right|^n}{n!} = \exp \left|{x}\right|$

from the Taylor Series Expansion for Exponential Function of $\left|{x}\right|$, which converges for all $x \in \R$.

The result follows from the Squeeze Theorem.