Epsilon-Function Differentiability Condition

Theorem
Let $f: D \to \R$ be a continuous function, where $D \subseteq \R$ is an open set.

Let $x \in \R$.

Then $f$ is differentiable at $x$ there exist $\alpha \in \R$ and $r \in \R_{>0}$ such that for all $h \in \openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0$:


 * $\map f {x + h} = \map f x + h \paren {\alpha + \map \epsilon h}$

where:
 * $\openint {-r} r$ denotes an open interval of $0$
 * $\epsilon: \openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0 \to \R$ is a real function with $\ds \lim_{h \mathop \to 0} \map \epsilon h = 0$.

If the conditions are true, then $\alpha = \map {f'} x$.

If $f$ is continuously differentiable at $x$, then $\epsilon$ is a continous function.

Necessary Condition
Assume that $f$ is differentiable in $x$.

By definition of open set, there exists $r \in \R_{>0}$ such that $\openint {x - r} {x + r} \subseteq D$.

Define $\epsilon: \openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0 \to \R$ by:


 * $\map \epsilon h = \dfrac {\map f {x + h} - \map f x} h - \map {f'} x$

If $h \in \openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0$, then $x + h \in \openint {x - r} {x + r} \setminus \set x \subseteq D$, so $\epsilon$ is well-defined.

As $f$ is differentiable at $x$, it follows that:


 * $\ds \lim_{h \mathop \to 0} \map \epsilon h = \lim_{h \mathop \to 0} \dfrac {\map f {x + h} - \map f x} h - \map {f'} x = \map {f'} x - \map {f'} x = 0$

If we put $\alpha = \map {f'} x$, it follows that for all $h \in \openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0$:


 * $\map f {x + h} = \map f x + h \paren {\alpha + \map \epsilon h}$

If $f$ is continuously differentiable, we can choose $r \in \R_{>0}$ such that $f'$ is continuous in $\openint {-r} r$.

From Continuity of Composite Mapping: Corollary, it follows that $\epsilon$ will be continuous in $\openint {-r} r \setminus \set 0$.

Sufficient condition
Rewrite the equation of the assumption to get:


 * $\dfrac {\map f {x + h} - \map f x} h = \alpha + \map \epsilon h$

From Sum Rule for Limits of Real Functions, it follows that:


 * $\ds \lim_{h \mathop \to 0} \dfrac {\map f {x + h} - \map f x} h = \lim_{h \mathop \to 0} \paren {\alpha + \map \epsilon h} = \alpha$

By definition of differentiability, $f$ is differentiable at $x$ with $\map {f'} x = \alpha$.

Also see

 * Characterization of Differentiability