Characterization of Euclidean Borel Sigma-Algebra/Open equals Rectangle

Theorem
Let $\OO^n$ be the collection of open subsets of the Euclidean space $\left({\R^n, \tau}\right)$.

Let $\JJ_{ho}^n$ be the collection of half-open rectangles in $\R^n$.

Then:


 * $\map \sigma {\OO^n} = \map \sigma {\JJ_{ho}^n}$

where $\sigma$ denotes generated $\sigma$-algebra.

Proof
Let $\horectr {\mathbf a} {\mathbf b} \in \JJ^n_{ho}$.

Then:


 * $\horectr {\mathbf a} {\mathbf b} = \paren {\openint \gets {\mathbf b} } \cap \horectr {\mathbf a} \to$

provides a way of writing this half-open $n$-rectangle as an intersection of an open and a closed set.

By Characterization of Euclidean Borel Sigma-Algebra/Open equals Closed, these are both in $\map \BB {\R^n}$, and so Sigma-Algebra Closed under Intersection yields:


 * $\horectr {\mathbf a} {\mathbf b} \in \map \sigma {\OO^n}$

Hence, by definition of generated $\sigma$-algebra:


 * $\map \sigma {\JJ^n_{ho} } \subseteq \map \sigma {\OO^n}$

Denote $\mathbf 1 = \tuple {1, \ldots, 1} \in \R^n$.

Define, for all $k \in \N$, $\map \SS k$ by:


 * $\map \SS k := \set {\horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} } : \mathbf j \in \Z^n}$

It is immediate that $\ds \bigcup \map \SS k = \R^n$ and $\map \SS k \subseteq \JJ^n_{ho}$.

Also, $\map \SS k$ is countable from Cartesian Product of Countable Sets is Countable.

Now define, again for all $k \in \N$, $U_k$ by:


 * $\ds U_k := \bigcup \set {S \in \map \SS k: S \subseteq U}$

From Set Union Preserves Subsets:
 * $U_k \subseteq U$

Also, $U_k \in \map \sigma {\JJ^n_{ho} }$ since the union is countable.

It follows that also $\ds \bigcup_{k \mathop \in \N} U_k \in \map \sigma {\JJ^n_{ho} }$.

Next, it is to be shown that $\ds \bigcup_{k \mathop \in \N} U_k = U$.

Note that Set Union Preserves Subsets ensures $\ds \bigcup_{k \mathop \in \N} U_k \subseteq U$.

For the converse, let $\mathbf x \in U$.

As $U$ is open, there exists an $\epsilon > 0$ such that the open ball $\map {B_\epsilon} {\mathbf x}$ is contained in $U$.

Fix $k \in \N$ such that $\sqrt n \, 2^{-k} < \epsilon$, and find $\mathbf j \in \Z^n$ such that:


 * $\mathbf x \in \horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} }$

Now it is to be shown that:


 * $\horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} } \subseteq \map {B_\epsilon} {\mathbf x}$

To this end, observe that for any $\mathbf y \in \horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} }$, it holds that:


 * $\map d {\mathbf x, \mathbf y} \le \map \diam {\horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} } }$

by definition of diameter.

Now from Diameter of Rectangle, the right-hand side equals:


 * $\norm {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} - 2^{-k} \mathbf j} = \norm {2^{-k} \mathbf 1} = \sqrt n \, 2^{-k}$

which is smaller than $\epsilon$ by the way $k$ was chosen.

Hence:


 * $\horectr {2^{-k} \mathbf j} {2^{-k} \paren {\mathbf j + \mathbf 1} } \subseteq \map {B_\epsilon} {\mathbf x}$

and so every $\mathbf x \in U$ is contained in some $U_k$.

Thus it follows that $U \subseteq \ds \bigcup_{k \mathop \in \N} U_k$.

Thereby we have shown that:


 * $\map \sigma {\JJ^n_{ho} } = \map \sigma {\OO^n}$