Second Principle of Mathematical Induction

Theorem
Let $\map P n$ be a propositional function depending on $n \in \N$.

Let $n_0 \in \N$ be given.

Suppose that:


 * $(1): \quad \map P {n_0}$ is true
 * $(2): \quad \forall k \in \N: k \ge n_0: \map P {n_0} \land \map P {n_0 + 1} \land \ldots \land \map P {k - 1} \land \map P k \implies \map P {k + 1}$

Then:


 * $\map P n$ is true for all $n \ge n_0$.

This process is called proof by (mathematical) induction.

The second principle of mathematical induction is usually stated and demonstrated for $n_0$ being either $0$ or $1$.

This is often dependent upon whether the analysis of the fundamentals of mathematical logic are zero-based or one-based.

Proof
For each $n \ge n_0$, let $\map {P'} n$ be defined as:


 * $\map {P'} n := \map P {n_0} \land \dots \land \map P n$

It suffices to show that $\map {P'} n$ is true for all $n \ge n_0$.

It is immediate from the assumption $\map P {n_0}$ that $\map {P'} {n_0}$ is true.

Now suppose that $\map {P'} n$ holds.

By $(2)$, this implies that $\map P {n + 1}$ holds as well.

Consequently, $\map {P'} n \land \map P {n + 1} = \map {P'} {n + 1}$ holds.

Thus by the Principle of Mathematical Induction:


 * $\map {P'} n$ holds for all $n \ge n_0$

as desired.

Also defined as
This principle can often be found stated more informally, inasmuch as the propositional function $P$ is referred to as "a statement about integers".