Exponential Tends to Zero and Infinity

Theorem
Let $x \in \R$ be a real number.

Let $\exp x$ be the exponential of $x$.

Then:
 * $\exp x \to +\infty$ as $x \to +\infty$
 * $\exp x \to 0$ as $x \to -\infty$

Thus the exponential function has domain $\R$ and image $\openint 0 \infty$.

The exponential function approaches positive infinity as x approaches positive infinity
Let $M$ be a strictly positive real number.

Let $N$ be $\ln M$.

$N$ is real because $M > 0$.

From Exponential is Strictly Increasing:
 * $\forall x: x > N \implies \exp x > \exp N = M$

Therefore:
 * $\forall M \in \R_{>0} : \exists N \in \R : \forall x > N : \exp x > M$

The result follows from the definition of infinite limit at infinity.

The exponential function approaches 0 as x approaches negative infinity
Let $\epsilon$ be a strictly positive real number.

Let $c$ be $\ln \epsilon$.

Let $x$ be any real number that smaller than $c$.

From Exponential of Real Number is Strictly Positive:
 * $\exp x > 0 \implies \size {\exp x} = \exp x$

From Exponential is Strictly Increasing:
 * $\size {\exp x - 0} = \exp x < \exp c = \epsilon$

Therefore:
 * $\forall \epsilon \in \R_{>0} : \exists c \in \R : \forall x < c : \size {\exp x - 0} < \epsilon$

From the definition of limit at minus infinity, the result follows.

The exponential function has domain $\R$ and image $\openint 0 \infty$
We have that the Exponential is Strictly Increasing.

From above, $\displaystyle \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \exp x = \infty$

From above, $\displaystyle \lim_{x \mathop \to -\infty} \exp x = 0$

Hence the result.