Necessary and Sufficient Condition for First Order System to be Field for Second Order System

Theorem
Let $ \mathbf y $, $ \mathbf f $, $ \boldsymbol \psi $ be N-dimensional vectors.

Let $ \boldsymbol \psi $ be continuously differentiable.

Then $ \forall x \in \left [ { a \,. \,. \, b } \right ] $ the first-order system


 * $ \mathbf y' = \boldsymbol \psi \left ( { x, \mathbf y } \right ) $

is a field for the second-order system


 * $ \mathbf y'' = \mathbf f \left ( { x, \mathbf y, \mathbf y' } \right ) $

iff $ \boldsymbol \psi $ satisfies


 * $ \displaystyle \frac{ \partial \boldsymbol \psi }{ \partial x } + \sum_{ i = 1 }^N \frac{ \partial \boldsymbol \psi }{ \partial y_i } \psi_i = \mathbf f \left ( { x, \mathbf y, \boldsymbol \psi } \right ) $

In other words, every solution to Hamilton-Jacobi system is a field for the original system.

Necessary condition
Differentiate the first-order system $ x $:

This can be rewritten as the following system of equations:


 * $\mathbf y'' = \mathbf f \left ( { x, \mathbf y, \mathbf y' } \right ) $


 * $ \displaystyle \frac{ \partial \boldsymbol \psi }{ \partial x } + \sum_{ i = 1 }^N \frac{ \partial \boldsymbol \psi }{ \partial y_i } \psi_i = \mathbf f \left ( { x, \mathbf y, \mathbf y' } \right ) $

By assumption, the first-order system is valid in $ \left [ { a \,. \,. \, b } \right ] $.

For the second-order system to be valid in the same interval, the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equation has to hold as well.