Axiom:Euclid's Fifth Postulate

's Statement
There are many equivalent ways to state this postulate. See below for a selection of them.

Other equivalent statements
Many further attempts have been made to formulate equivalent definitions of this axiom, often with a view to finding a proof which relies on the other four axioms. (Such attempts have been universally doomed to failure.) Here are a few examples, in approximate chronological order:


 * If a straight line intersects one of two parallels, it will intersect the other also.

Straight lines parallel to the same straight line are parallel to one another.

and

 * There exist straight lines everywhere equidistant from one another.

(This can be compared with ' tacit assumption that "Parallels remain, throughout their length, at a finite distance from one another.")


 * There exists a triangle in which the sum of the three angles is equal to two right angles.

, ,

 * Given any figure, there exists a figure similar to it of any size we please.

points out that it is necessary only to postulate that:
 * There exist two unequal triangles with equal angles.

(again)

 * Through any point within an angle less than two-thirds of a right angle a straight line can always be drawn which meets both sides of the angle.


 * Every straight line through a point within an angle must meet one of the sides of the angle.

and

 * Given any three points not in a straight line, there exists a circle passing through them.


 * If I could prove that a rectilineal triangle is possible the content of which is greater than any given area, I am in a position to prove perfectly rigorously the whole of geometry.


 * There exists no triangle in which every angle is as small as we please.


 * If in a quadrilateral three angles are right angles, the fourth angle is a right angle also. (1741)


 * If two straight lines are parallel, they are figures opposite to (or the reflex of) one another with respect to the middle points of all their transversal segments.


 * Two parallel straight lines intercept, on every transversal which passes through the middle point of a segment included within them, another segment the middle point of which is the middle point of the first.

Comment
As can be inferred from all the above, many mathematicians have attempted to prove this postulate, as it seems less intuitive than the rest of Euclid's Postulates.

himself avoided using this postulate until the 29th proposition (part 1): Parallelism implies Equal Alternate Interior Angles in his seminal.

Eventually, in 1823 and, independently in 1832,, realized that self-consistent, non-euclidean geometries could be developed by not accepting this postulate.

It transpired that himself had already come to a similar conclusion, but had not had the confidence to publish.

Therefore, the postulate is in fact axiomatic for Euclidean geometry.

The literature on this subject is voluminous, but since the birth of the concept of non-Euclidean geometry and (to a certain extent) since the study of analytic geometry developed, most of this literature has little mathematical value now beyond historical interest.