Multiple of Row Added to Row of Determinant

Theorem
Let $\mathbf A = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} & a_{r2} & \cdots & a_{rn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{bmatrix}$ be a square matrix of order $n$.

Let $\det \left({\mathbf A}\right)$ be the determinant of $\mathbf A$.

Let $\mathbf B = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} + k a_{s1} & a_{r2} + k a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{rn} + k a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{bmatrix}$.

Then $\det \left({\mathbf B}\right) = \det \left({\mathbf A}\right)$.

That is, the value of a determinant remains unchanged if a constant multiple of any row is added to any other row.

The same applies to columns.

Proof
By Determinant as Sum of Determinants, we have:


 * $\det \left({\mathbf B}\right) = \begin{vmatrix}

a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} + k a_{s1} & a_{r2} + k a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{rn} + k a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} & a_{r2} & \cdots & a_{rn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ k a_{s1} & k a_{s2} & \cdots & k a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix}$

Thus by Determinant with Row Multiplied by Constant, we have:


 * $\det \left({\mathbf B}\right) = \begin{vmatrix}

a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} + k a_{s1} & a_{r2} + k a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{rn} + k a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} & a_{r2} & \cdots & a_{rn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} + k \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix}$

But by Square Matrix with Duplicate Rows has Zero Determinant:
 * $\begin{vmatrix}

a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{s1} & a_{s2} & \cdots & a_{sn} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{vmatrix} = 0$

The result follows.

The result for columns follows from Determinant of Transpose.