User:Jshflynn/P-star is Commutative Monoid under Union

Theorem
Let $\Sigma$ be an alphabet.

Let $\map \PP {\Sigma^*}$ be the $P$-star of $\Sigma$.

Then $\struct {\map \PP {\Sigma^*}, \cup}$ is a commutative monoid.

Closure
As:


 * $V \subseteq \Sigma^* \land W \subseteq \Sigma^* \implies \paren {V \cup W} \subseteq \Sigma^*$

and:


 * $V, W \in \map \PP {\Sigma^*}$

we have that $\map \PP {\Sigma^*}$ is closed under $\cup$.

Associativity
Follows immediately from Union is Associative.

Identity
The empty language is a language over any alphabet and therefore is an element of $\map \PP {\Sigma^*}$.

The empty language is equivalent to the empty set and for any set $X$:

$X \cup \O = X$

So the empty language is the identity element.

Commutativity
Follows immediately from Union is Commutative.

Hence $\struct {\map \PP {\Sigma^*}, \cup}$ satisfies all the defining properties of a commutative monoid.