Primitive of Reciprocal of Sine of a x by 1 minus Cosine of a x

Theorem

 * $\displaystyle \int \frac {\mathrm d x} {\sin a x \left({1 - \cos a x}\right)} = \frac {-1} {2 a \left({1 - \cos a x}\right)} + \frac 1 {2 a} \ln \left\vert{\tan \frac {a x} 2}\right\vert + C$

Proof
Let:

Then:

Also see

 * Primitive of $\dfrac 1 {\sin a x \left({1 + \cos a x}\right)}$


 * Primitive of $\dfrac 1 {\cos a x \left({1 + \sin a x}\right)}$
 * Primitive of $\dfrac 1 {\cos a x \left({1 - \sin a x}\right)}$