Distance from Subset of Real Numbers to Element

Theorem
Let $S$ be a subset of the set of real numbers $\R$.

Let $x \in \R$ be a real number.

Let $\map d {x, S}$ be the distance between $x$ and $S$.

Then:
 * $x \in S \implies \map d {x, S} = 0$

Proof
From the definition of distance:
 * $\forall x, y \in \R: \map d {x, y} = \size {x - y}$

Thus:
 * $\displaystyle \map d {x, S} = \map {\inf_{y \mathop \in S} } {\size {x - y} }$

Consider the set $T = \set {\size {x - y}: y \in S}$.

This has $0$ as a lower bound as Absolute Value is Bounded Below by Zero.

So:
 * $\displaystyle \map d {x, S} = \map {\inf_{y \mathop \in S} } {\size {x - y} } \ge 0$

If $x \in S$ then:
 * $\size {x - x} = 0 \in T$

and so:
 * $\displaystyle 0 \le \map {\inf_{y \mathop \in S} } {\map d {x, y} }$

Thus:
 * $\displaystyle \map d {x, S} = \map {\inf_{y \mathop \in S} } {\map d {x, y} } = 0$