Laplace's Expansion Theorem

Theorem
Let $D$ be the determinant of order $n$.

Let $r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k$ be integers such that:
 * $1 \le k < n$
 * $1 \le r_1 < r_2 < \cdots < r_k \le n$

Let $\map D {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k \mid u_1, u_2, \ldots, u_k}$ be an order-$k$ minor of $D$.

Let $\map {\tilde D} {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k \mid u_1, u_2, \ldots, u_k}$ be the cofactor of $\map D {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k \mid u_1, u_2, \ldots, u_k}$.

Then:
 * $\ds D = \sum_{1 \mathop \le u_1 \mathop < \cdots \mathop < u_k \mathop \le n} \map D {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k \mid u_1, u_2, \ldots, u_k} \, \map {\tilde D} {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_k \mid u_1, u_2, \ldots, u_k}$

A similar result applies for columns.

Proof
Let us define $r_{k + 1}, r_{k + 2}, \ldots, r_n$ such that:
 * $1 \le r_{k + 1} < r_{k + 2} < \cdots < r_n \le n$
 * $\rho = \tuple {r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_n}$ is a permutation on $\N^*_n$.

Let $\sigma = \tuple {s_1, s_2, \ldots, s_n}$ be a permutation on $\N^*_n$.

Then by Permutation of Determinant Indices we have:

We can obtain all the permutations $\sigma$ exactly once by separating the numbers $1, \ldots, n$ in all possible ways into a set of $k$ and $n - k$ numbers.

We let $\tuple {s_1, \ldots, s_k}$ vary over the first set and $\tuple {s_{k + 1}, \ldots, s_n}$ over the second set.

So the summation over all $\sigma$ can be replaced by:


 * $\tuple {u_1, \ldots, u_n} = \map \sigma {1, \ldots, n}$
 * $u_1 < u_2 < \cdots < u_k, u_{k + 1} < u_{k + 2} < \cdots < u_n$
 * $\tuple {s_1, \ldots, s_k} = \map \sigma {u_1, \ldots, u_k}$
 * $\tuple {s_{k + 1}, \ldots, s_n} = \map \sigma {u_{k + 1}, \ldots, u_n}$

Thus we get:

That last inner sum extends over all integers which satisfy:
 * $\tuple {u_1, \ldots, u_n} = \map \sigma {1, \ldots, n}$
 * $u_1 < u_2 < \cdots < u_k, u_{k + 1} < u_{k + 2} < \cdots < u_n$

But for each set of $u_1, \ldots, u_k$, then the integers $u_{k + 1}, \ldots, u_n$ are clearly uniquely determined.

So that last inner sum equals 1 and the theorem is proved.

The result for columns follows from Determinant of Transpose.

Comment
This gives us an expansion of the determinant $D$ in terms of $k$ specified rows.

We form all possible order-$k$ minors of $D$ which involve all of these rows, and multiply each of them by their cofactors.

The sum of these products is equal to $D$.

Also known as
This theorem is also known as the Laplace cofactor expansion.

Also see

 * Expansion Theorem for Determinants: the special case where $k = 1$