Definition:Empty Set

Definition
The empty set is a set which has no elements.

It is usually denoted by some variant of a zero with a line through it, for example $\varnothing$ or $\empty$, and can always be represented as $\left\{{}\right\}$.

This website prefers $\varnothing$ for its completely unambiguous interpretation.

It is justifiable to refer to it as the empty set because there is only one empty set. That is, any two empty sets are necessarily equal, and therefore the same set.

See Empty Set Unique for a proof of this.

Axiomatic Set Theory
The concept of the empty set is axiomatised in the Axiom of Existence in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, where it is rigorously formalized by:
 * $\varnothing = \left\{{x : x \ne x}\right\}$

that is, the set of all elements which are not equal to themselves.

Also known as
This is sometimes called the null set, but this name is discouraged because there is another concept for null set which ought not to be confused with this.

Some sources, for example, call this the vacuous set.

Notes on Symbology
The symbols $\varnothing$ and $\empty$ are properly considered as stylings of $0$ (zero), and not variants of the Greek "Phi": $\Phi, \phi, \varphi$.

Some sources maintain that it is a variant on the Norwegian / Danish / Faeroese letter Ø.

Some sources use $\Box$ as the symbol for the empty set, but this is rare.

Comment
Some authors have problems with the existence (or not) of the empty set:


 * : $\S 1.3$:
 * If $A, B$ are disjoint, then $A \cap B$ is not really defined, because it has no elements. For this reason we introduce a conventional empty set, denoted $\varnothing$, to be thought of as a 'set with no elements'. Of course this is a set only by courtesy, but it is convenient to allow $\varnothing$ the status of a set.


 * : Appendix:
 * The best attitude towards the empty set $\varnothing$ is, perhaps, to regard it as an interesting curiosity, a convenient fiction. To say that $x \in \varnothing$ simply means that $x$ does not exist. Note that it is conveniently agreed that $\varnothing$ is a subset of every set, for elements of $\varnothing$ are supposed to possess every property.

Such a philosophical position is, to the school of anarchist Bourbakist existentialists such as Matt Westwood, a contemptibly timid attitude harking back to the mediaeval distrust of zero.

Also see

 * Non-Empty Set, a common phrasing used to denominate any set but the empty set.