Zermelo's Well-Ordering Theorem

Theorem
Every set is well-orderable.

Proof
Let $S$ be a set.

Let $\mathcal P \left({S}\right)$ be the power set of $S$.

By the Axiom of Choice, there is a choice function $c$ defined on $\mathcal P \left({S}\right) \setminus \left\{{\varnothing}\right\}$.

We will use $c$ and the Principle of Transfinite Induction to define a bijection between $S$ and some ordinal.

Intuitively, we start by pairing $c \left({S}\right)$ with $0$, and then keep extending the bijection by pairing $c \left({S \setminus X}\right)$ with $\alpha$, where $X$ is the set of elements already dealt with.


 * Base case: $\alpha = 0$

Let $s_0 = c \left({S}\right)$.


 * Inductive step: Suppose $s_\beta$ has been defined for all $\beta < \alpha$.

If $S - \left\{{s_\beta: \beta < \alpha}\right\}$ is empty, we stop.

Otherwise, define:
 * $s_\alpha := c \left({S - \left\{{s_\beta: \beta < \alpha}\right\} }\right)$.

The process eventually stops, else we have defined bijections between subsets of $S$ and arbitrarily large ordinals.

Now, we can impose a well-ordering on $S$ by embedding it via $s_\alpha \to \alpha$ into the ordinal $\beta = \displaystyle{\bigcup_{s_\alpha \in S} \alpha}$ and using the well-ordering of $\beta$.

Also known as
This result is also known as Zermelo's Theorem, for Ernst Zermelo.

Under this name it can often be seen worded:


 * Every set of cardinals is well-ordered with respect to $\le$.

This is called by some authors the Trichotomy Problem.

It is also referred to as the well-ordering principle, but this causes confusion with the result that states that the natural numbers are well-ordered.

Also see

 * Well-Ordering Theorem is Equivalent to Axiom of Choice