Cardinality of Infinite Sigma-Algebra is at Least Cardinality of Continuum

Theorem
Let $\MM$ be an infinite $\sigma$-algebra on a set $X$.

Then $\MM$ is has cardinality at least that of the cardinality of the continuum $\mathfrak c$:


 * $\map \Card \MM \ge \mathfrak c$

Proof
We first show that $X$ is infinite.

By the definition of a $\sigma$-algebra, $\MM$ is a subset of $\powerset X$.

Were $X$ finite, by Cardinality of Power Set of Finite Set, the cardinality of $\MM$ would be at most $2^{\map \Card X}$

As $2^{\map \Card X}$ is finite if $X$ is finite, $X$ must be infinite that $\MM$ is infinite.

By the definition of $\sigma$-algebra, $X \in \MM$.

Also, by Sigma-Algebra Contains Empty Set, $\O \in \MM$.

Construct a countable collection of sets $\family {F_1, F_2, F_3, \ldots}_\N$ as follows:

Consider an arbitrary $\ds S \in \bigcup_{k \mathop \in \N} F_k$

Then $S \in F_k$ for some $F_k$.

By the Well-Ordering Principle, there is a smallest such $k$.

Then for any $j < k$, $S \notin F_j$.

Thus the sets in $\family {F_i}$ are disjoint.

Recall $\MM$ is infinite.

Then by Relative Difference between Infinite Set and Finite Set is Infinite, $\MM \setminus \set {F_1, F_2, \cdots, F_{k - 1} }$ is infinite.

Thus this process can continue indefinitely, choosing an arbitary set in $\MM$ that hasn't already been chosen for an earlier $F_k$.

By the definition of a $\sigma$-algebra, $\ds \bigsqcup_{i \mathop \in \N} F_i$ is measurable.

By the definition of an indexed family, $\family {F_i}_{i \mathop \in \N}$ corresponds to a mapping $\ds \iota: \N \hookrightarrow \bigsqcup_{i \mathop \in \N} F_i$

Such a mapping $\iota$ is injective because:


 * each $F_i$ is disjoint from every other


 * each $F_i$ contains a distinct $x \in X$


 * $X$ has infinitely many elements.

Define:


 * $\iota^*: \powerset \N \to \MM$:


 * $\ds \map {\iota^*} N = \bigsqcup_{i \mathop \in N} F_i$

That is, for every $N \subseteq \N$, $\map {\iota^*} N$ corresponds to a way to select a countable union of the sets in $\family {F_i}$.

As any distinct $F_i, F_j$ are disjoint, any two distinct ways to create a union $\ds S \mapsto \bigsqcup_{i \mathop \in S} F_i$ will result in a different union $\map {\iota^*} S$.

Thus $\iota^*$ is an injection into $\MM$.

Then the cardinality of $\MM$ is at least $\powerset \N$.

From Power Set of Natural Numbers has Cardinality of Continuum, $\R \sim \powerset \N$.

Thus $\MM$ is uncountable and:
 * $\map \Card \MM \ge \mathfrak c$