Necessary Condition for Autoregressive Process to be Stationary

Theorem
Let $S$ be a stochastic process based on an equispaced time series.

Let the values of $S$ at timestamps $t, t - 1, t - 2, \dotsc$ be $z_t, z_{t - 1}, z_{t - 2}, \dotsc$

Let $\tilde z_t, \tilde z_{t - 1}, \tilde z_{t - 2}, \dotsc$ be deviations from a constant mean level $\mu$:
 * $\tilde z_t = z_t - \mu$

Let $a_t$ be an independent shock at timestamp $t$.

Let $M$ be an autoregessive model on $S$ of order $p$:


 * $\map \phi B \tilde z_t = a_t$

where $\map \phi B := 1 - \phi_1 B - \phi_2 B^2 - \dotsb - \phi_p B^p$ is the autoregressive operator of order $p$.

Consider the polynomial equation in $B$ of degree $p$:
 * $(1): \map \phi B = 0$

Let $\map R \phi \subseteq \C$ denote the set of roots of $(1)$, considered as a polynomial of degree $p$.

It is noted that the elements of $\map R \phi$ may be real or complex.

For $S$ modelled by $M$ to be a stationary process, it is necessary that the elements of $\map R \phi$ have an complex modulus greater than $1$:


 * $\forall z \in \map R \phi: \size z > 1$