Property of Being an Ideal is not Transitive

Theorem
Let $J_1$ be an ideal of a ring $R$.

Let $J_2$ be an ideal of $J_1$.

Then $J_2$ need not necessarily be an ideal of $R$.

Proof
Let $R = \Q \sqbrk X$ be the ring of polynomials in one variable $X$ over $\Q$.

Let:
 * $J_1 = \set {a_0 + a_1 X + \cdots + a_n X^n \in R : a_0 = a_1 = 0}$

and
 * $J_2 = \set {a_0 + a_1 X + \cdots + a_n X^n \in R : a_0 = a_1 = a_3 = 0}$

First let us show that $J_1$ is an ideal of $R$.

We establish the properties of the ideal test in order.

$(1): \quad J_1 \ne \O$

This follows from the fact that $X^2 \in J_1$.

$(2): \quad \forall P, Q \in J_1: P + \paren {-Q} \in J_1$

Let:
 * $\ds P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} a_i X^i \in J_1$
 * $\ds Q = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} b_i X^i \in J_1$

Then by the definition of addition of polynomials:
 * $\ds P + \paren {-Q} = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} c_i X^i$

where:
 * $c_i = a_i - b_i$

By assumption, $a_0 = a_1 = b_0 = b_1 = 0$.

Therefore:
 * $c_0 = a_0 - b_0 = 0$
 * $c_1 = a_1 - b_1 = 0$

Therefore $P + \paren {-Q} \in J_1$.

$(3): \quad \forall P \in J_1, Q \in R: Q \cdot P \in J_1$

Let
 * $\ds P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} a_i X^i \in J_1$
 * $\ds Q = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} b_i X^i \in R$

By the definition of multiplication of polynomials:
 * $\ds Q \cdot P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} c_i X^i$

where:
 * $c_i = \sum_{j + k \mathop = i} a_j b_k$

In particular, since $a_0 = 0$:
 * $c_0 = a_0 b_0 = 0$

Since $a_0 = a_1 = 0$:
 * $c_ 1 = a_0 b_1 + a_1 b_0 = 0$

Therefore $Q \cdot P \in J_1$.

This shows that $J_1$ is an ideal of $R$.

Next we show that $J$ is an ideal of $J_1$.

Again, we verify the properties of the ideal test in turn.

$(1): \quad J_2 \ne \O$

This follows from the fact that $X^2 \in J_2$.

$(2): \quad \forall P, Q \in J_2: P + \paren {-Q} \in J_2$

Let:
 * $\ds P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} a_i X^i \in J_2$
 * $\ds Q = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} b_i X^i \in J_2$

Then by the definition of addition of polynomials:
 * $\ds P + \paren {-Q} = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} c_i X^i$

where:
 * $c_i = a_i - b_i$

By assumption:
 * $a_0 = a_1 = a_3 = b_0 = b_1 = b_3 = 0$

Therefore:
 * $c_0 = a_0 - b_0 = 0$
 * $c_1 = a_1 - b_1 = 0$
 * $c_3 = a_3 - b_3 = 0$

Therefore $P + \paren {-Q} \in J_2$.

$(3): \quad \forall P \in J_2, Q \in J_1: Q \cdot P \in J_2$

Let
 * $\ds P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} a_i X^i \in J_2$
 * $\ds Q = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} b_i X^i \in J_1$

By the definition of multiplication of polynomials,
 * $\ds Q \cdot P = \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{+\infty} c_i X^i$

where:
 * $c_i = \sum_{j + k \mathop = i} a_j b_k$

Since $J_2 \subseteq J_1$, we have $P, Q \in J_1$.

So we have already that $c_0 = c_1 = 0$.

Moreover $a_0 = a_1 = b_0 = b_1 = 0$, so
 * $c_3 = a_0b_3 + a_1 b_2 + a_2 b_1 + a_3 b_0 = 0$

Therefore $Q \cdot P \in J_2$.

This shows that $J_2$ is an ideal of $J_1$.

Finally we wish to see that $J_2$ is not an ideal of $R$.

We have that $X^2 \in J_2$ and $X \in R$.

$J_2$ were an ideal of $R$.

This would imply that:
 * $X \cdot X^2 = X^3 \in J_2$

But by the definition of $J_2$, we must have that the coefficient of $X^3$ is $0$.

This is a contradiction, so $J_2$ is not an ideal of $R$.