Mean Ergodic Theorem

Theorem
Let $\struct {X, \BB, \mu, T}$ be a measure-preserving dynamical system.

Let $\map {L^2_\C} \mu$ be the complex-valued $L^2$ space of $\mu$.

Let $U_T : \map {L^2_\C} \mu \to \map {L^2_\C} \mu$ of $T$ be the Koopman operator.

Let $I := \set {f \in \map {L^2_\C} \mu : \map {U_T} f = f}$.

Then for each $f \in \map {L^2_\C} \mu$:
 * $\ds \lim_{N \mathop \to \infty} \dfrac 1 N \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^{N - 1} \map {U_T^n} f = \map {P_T} f$

converges in the $L^2$-norm, where:
 * $U_T^n$ denotes the $n$ times composition of $U_T$.
 * $P_T : \map {L^2_\C} \mu \to \map {L^2_\C} \mu$ denotes the orthogonal projection on the closed linear subspace $I$.