Mathematician:Isaac Newton

Hugely influential English all-rounder famous for:
 * Inventing calculus, independently of Leibniz
 * Successfully providing a mathematical model for the force of gravity
 * Formulating the Principle of Conservation of Momentum and Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum
 * Building the first practical optical reflecting telescope
 * Developing a theory of colour based on the splitting of light with a prism

and much more. It is suspected nowadays that he may have had Asperger's syndrome.

Nationality
English

History

 * Born: 25 December 1642, Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
 * Died: 20 March 1727, London, England

Mathematics

 * Newton's Method for approximating the zeroes of a function
 * General Binomial Theorem

Physics

 * Newton (unit of force)
 * Newton's Laws of Motion
 * Newton's Law of Cooling
 * Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
 * Principle of Conservation of Momentum
 * Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum

Books and Papers

 * c. 1664: Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae (Certain Philosophical Questions)
 * 1671: Method of Fluxions
 * 1684: De Motu Corporum in Gyrum
 * 1687: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually referred to as the Principia)
 * 1704: Opticks
 * 1707: Arithmetica Universalis

Also see

 * : Chapter $\text{VI}$
 * : Chapter $\text{A}.18$
 * : Chapter $\text{A}.18$