Cartesian Product of Countable Sets is Countable/Formal Proof 1

Proof
Let $S, T$ be countable sets.

From the definition of countable, there exists a injection from $S$ to $\N$, and similarly one from $T$ to $\N$.

Hence there exists an injection $g$ from $S \times T$ to $\N^2$.

Now let us investigate the cardinality of $\N^2$.

From the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, every natural number greater than $1$ has a unique prime decomposition.

Thus, if a number can be written as $2^n 3^m$, it can be done thus in only one way.

So, consider the function $f: \N^2 \to \N$ defined by:
 * $\map f {n, m} = 2^n 3^m$.

Now suppose $\exists m, n, r, s \in \N$ such that $\map f {n, m} = \map f {r, s}$.

Then $2^n 3^m = 2^r 3^s$ so that $n = r$ and $m = s$.

Thus $f$ is an injection, whence $\N^2$ is countably infinite.

Now we see that as $g$ and $f$ are injective, it follows from Composite of Injections is Injection that $f \circ g: S \times T \to \N$ is also injective.

Hence the result.