User:Anghel/Sandbox

Theorem
The following definitions of the complex exponential function $exp: \C \to \C \setminus \left\{ {0}\right\}$ are equivalent.


 * $(1): \quad \displaystyle \exp z = \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \dfrac{z^n}{n!}$


 * $(2): \quad \exp z = e^x \left({ \cos \left({y}\right) + i \sin \left({y}\right) }\right)$


 * with $x, y \in \R, z = x+iy$.


 * $(3): \quad \displaystyle \exp z = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left({1 + \dfrac z n}\right)^n$

Proof
From Power Series over Factorial/Complex Case, it follows that the power series $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \dfrac{z^n}{n!}$ converges.

Hence, definition $(1)$ is valid.

$(1)$ is equivalent to $(2)$
Let $e$ denote the real exponential function, and let $\sin$ and $\cos$ denote the real sine and cosine functions.

If we put $\displaystyle f \left({z}\right) = \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \dfrac{z^n}{n!}$, we have:

$(1)$ is equivalent to $(3)$
Put $\displaystyle s_n = \sum_{k \mathop = 0}^n \dfrac{z^k}{k!}$, and $a_n = \left({1 + \dfrac z n}\right)^n$.

Then:

The limit of the difference between the $k$th terms of $a_n$ and $s_n$ is: