Definition:Cayley Table

Definition
A Cayley table is a technique for describing an algebraic structure (usually a finite group) by putting all the products in a square array.

Also known as
Some sources call this an operation table, but there exists the view that this sounds too much like a piece of hospital apparatus.

Another popular name for this is a multiplication table, but this holdover from grade school terminology may be considered irrelevant to a table where the operation has nothing to do with multiplication as such.

In the field of logic, a truth table in this format is often referred to as matrix form, but note that this terminology clashes with the definition of a matrix in mathematics.

Examples
The Cayley table of the cyclic group of order $4$ can be written:


 * $\begin{array}{c|cccc}

& e & a & b & c \\ \hline e & e & a & b & c \\ a & a & b & c & e \\ b & b & c & e & a \\ c & c & e & a & b \\ \end{array}$

The Cayley table of the symmetric group on $3$ letters can be written:


 * $\begin{array}{c|cccccc}

\circ & e & p & q & r & s & t \\ \hline e & e & p & q & r & s & t \\ p & p & q & e & s & t & r \\ q & q & e & p & t & r & s \\ r & r & t & s & e & q & p \\ s & s & r & t & p & e & q \\ t & t & s & r & q & p & e \\ \end{array}$

If desired, the symbol denoting the operation can be put in the upper left corner, but this is not essential if there is no ambiguity.

Non-Commutative Structures
When depicting a commutative structure, it is clear there is no ambiguity as to where to place the elements. As $x y = y x$, the table is symmetrical about the major axis.

However, when the structure $S$ being depicted is non-commutative, by definition there are entries $x, y \in G$ such that $x y \ne y x$.

The convention is that the first element of a pair goes down the column at the left, while the second element goes across the top.

This can be seen in the second of the above tables, where, for example, $r p = t$ and $p r = s$.