Order of Sum of Von Mangoldt Function of n over n

Theorem

 * $\ds \sum_{n \le x} \frac {\map \Lambda n} n = \ln x + \map \OO 1$

where:
 * $\Lambda$ is the Von Mangoldt function
 * $\OO$ is big-$\OO$ notation.

Proof
Consider the sum:


 * $\ds \sum_{t \le x} \sum_{m \divides t} \map \Lambda m$

We are summing over the pairs $\tuple {t, m}$ such that $t \le x$ and $m$ divides $t$.

Since $m$ divides $t$ and $t \le x$, we must have $m \le x$.

So we can equivalently sum over the pairs $\tuple {m, t}$ such that $m \le x$ and $m$ divides $t \le x$.

Hence:


 * $\ds \sum_{t \le x} \sum_{m \divides t} \map \Lambda m = \sum_{m \le x} \sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} \map \Lambda m$

We can then write:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \le x} \sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} \map \Lambda m = \sum_{m \le x} \paren {\map \Lambda m \paren {\sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} 1} }$

From Order of Quantity of Positive Integers Divisible by Particular Integer, there exists a real function $R_1 : \hointr 1 \infty \to \R$ such that:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} 1 = \frac x m + \map {R_1} x$

with:


 * $\map {R_1} x = \map \OO 1$

So that:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \le x} \sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} \map \Lambda m = \sum_{m \le x} \map \Lambda m \frac x m + \map {R_1} x \sum_{m \le x} \map \Lambda m$

Then, we have, dividing through $x$:


 * $\ds \frac 1 x \sum_{m \le x} \sum_{m \divides t, \, t \le x} \map \Lambda m = \sum_{m \le x} \frac {\map \Lambda m} m + \frac {\map {R_1} x} x \map \psi x$

From Arithmetic Average of Second Chebyshev Function, we have:


 * $\ds \frac 1 x \sum_{t \le x} \sum_{m \divides t} \map \Lambda m = \ln x - 1 + \frac {\map {R_2} x} x$

for some real function $R_2 : \hointr 1 \infty \to \R$ with:


 * $\map {R_2} x = \map \OO {\map \ln {x + 1} }$

So, we have:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \le x} \frac {\map \Lambda m} m + \frac {\map {R_1} x} x \map \psi x = \ln x - 1 + \frac {\map {R_2} x} x$

We can therefore write:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \le x} \frac {\map \Lambda m} m = \ln x + \paren {\frac {\map {R_2} x} x - 1 - \frac {\map {R_1} x} x \map \psi x}$

It now remains to show the bracketed term is $\map \OO 1$.

From Product of Big-O Estimates, we have:


 * $\ds \frac {\map {R_2} x} x = \map \OO {\frac {\map \ln {x + 1} } x}$

From Order of Natural Logarithm Function, we have:


 * $\ln x \le x$

for $x \ge 1$.

So:


 * $\ds \frac {\map \ln {x + 1} } x \le \frac {x + 1} x$

We have:


 * $\ds \frac {x + 1} x = 1 + \frac 1 x \le 2$

So, for $x \ge 1$ we have:


 * $\ds \frac {\map \ln {x + 1} } x \le 2$

so:


 * $\ds \frac {\map \ln {x + 1} } x = \map \OO 1$

So we have, from Transitivity of Big-O Estimates:


 * $\ds \frac {\map {R_2} x} x = \map \OO 1$

From Second Chebyshev Function is Big-Theta of x, we have:


 * $\ds \map \psi x = \map \OO x$

Combining this with:


 * $\map {R_1} x = \map \OO 1$

we have, from Product of Big-O Estimates:


 * $\ds \frac {\map {R_1} x} x \map \psi x = \map \OO 1$

So, from Sum of Big-O Estimates, we have:


 * $\ds \frac {\map {R_2} x} x - 1 - \frac {\map {R_1} x} x \map \psi x = \map \OO 1$

We therefore obtain:


 * $\ds \sum_{m \le x} \frac {\map \Lambda m} m = \ln x + \map \OO 1$