User:Dfeuer/Each Class has Subclass which is not Element

Theorem
Let $A$ be a class.

Then


 * $\exists B: B \subseteq A \land B \notin A$

Proof
Define a first-order formula $\varphi$ by letting


 * $\varphi(A,x) \iff x \in A \land \lnot(x \in x)$

Then by the Axiom Schema of Separation, there is a class $B$ such that for each set $x$:


 * $x \in B \iff \varphi(x)$

That is, for each set $x$:


 * $x \in B \iff x \in A \land x \notin x$

Suppose for the sake of contradiction that $B \in A$.

Then $B \in B \iff B \notin B$, a contradiction.

Thus $B \notin A$.