Divisibility by 9

Theorem
A number $$N = a_0 + a_1 10 + a_2 10^2 + \cdots + a_n 10^n$$ is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum $$a_0 + a_1 + \ldots + a_n$$ of its digits is divisible by 9.

Or, commonly stated, a number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Direct Proof
If $$N$$ is divisible by 9, then

$$ $$ $$ $$

Alternative Proof
It can be seen that this is a special case of Congruence of Sum of Digits to Base Less 1.

Divisibility by 3
This same argument holds for divisibility by 3. The proof is exactly the same as the proof above, replacing all instances of 9 by 3.