Homotopy Group is Group

Theorem
The set of all homotopy classes of continuous mappings:
 * $c: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$

satisfying:
 * $\map c {\partial \closedint 0 1^n} = x_0$

in a space $X$ at a base point $x_0$, under the operation of concatenation on class members, forms a group.

This group is called the $n$th homotopy group.

Proof
We examine each of the group axioms separately.

The concatenation of any two mappings:
 * $c_1, c_2: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$

from any two (not necessarily distinct) equivalence classes is another mapping:
 * $c_3: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$

by the definition of concatenation, which will have its own equivalence class.

Let $c_1, c_2, c_3$ be three functions $\closedint 0 1^n \to X$, selected from three (not necessarily different) equivalence classes.

The concatenation $\paren {c_1 * c_2} * c_3$ is, from the definition of concatenation:


 * $\map A {\hat v} = \begin {cases}

\map {c_1} {4 v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac 1 4} \\ \map {c_2} {4 v_1 - 1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \openint {\dfrac 1 4} {\dfrac 1 2} \\ \map {c_3} {2 v_1 - 1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac 1 2} 1 \end{cases}$

Likewise, the concatenation $c_1 * \paren {c_2 * c_3}$ is by definition:


 * $\map B {\hat v} = \begin {cases}

\map {c_1} {2 v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac 1 2} \\ \map {c_2} {4 v_1 - 2, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \openint {\dfrac 1 2} {\dfrac 3 4} \\ \map {c_3} {4 v_1 - 3, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac 3 4} 1 \end {cases}$

We construct a homotopy:


 * $\map H {\hat v, t} = \begin {cases}

\map {c_1} {\dfrac {4 v_1} {1 + t}, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac {1 + t} 4} \\ \map {c_2} {4 v_1 - t - 1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \openint {\dfrac {1 + t} 4} {\dfrac {2 + t} 4} \\ \map {c_3} {\dfrac {4 v_1 - \paren {2 + t} } {2 - t}, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac {2 + t} 4} 1 \end {cases}$

We observe it satisfies $\map H {\hat v, 0} = \map A {\hat v}$ and $\map H {\hat v, 1} = \map B {\hat v}$.

Therefore $A$ and $B$ are in the same equivalence class.

The identity is simply the function $I: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$ defined as $\map I {\hat v} = x_0$, where $\hat v \in \closedint 0 1^n$.

Suppose we are given the function $c: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$ and its concatenation with $i$:
 * $\map {\paren {c*i} } {\hat v} = \begin {cases}

\map c {2 v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac 1 2} \\ \map I {\hat v} = x_0 & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac 1 2} 1 \end {cases}$

We construct a homotopy:


 * $\map H {\hat v, t} = \begin {cases}

\map c {\dfrac {2 v_1} {2 - t}, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {1 - \dfrac {1 - t} 2} \\ \map I {\hat v} = x_0 & : v_1 \in \closedint {1 - \dfrac {1 - t} 2} 1 \end{cases}$

which satisfies $\map H {\hat v, 0} = \map c {\hat v}$ and $\map H {\hat v, 1} = \map {\paren {c*i} } {\hat v}$.

This shows $c$ and $c*i$ are in the same equivalence class.

For any $c: \closedint 0 1^n \to X$, $\map {c^{-1} } {\hat v} = \map c {\tuple {1, 0, \ldots, 0} - \hat v}$.

Then we can construct a homotopy:


 * $\map H {\hat v, t} = \begin {cases}

\map c {2 v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac {1 - t} 2} \\ \map c {1 - t, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \openint {\dfrac {1 - t} 2} {\dfrac {1 + t} 2} \\ \map {c^{-1} } {2 v_1 - 1, v_2, \ldots v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac {1 + t} 2} 1 \end {cases}$

We observe it satisfies:


 * $\map H {\hat v, 0} = \begin {cases}

\map c {2 v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint 0 {\dfrac 1 2} \\ \map {c^{-1} } {2 v_1 - 1, v_2, \ldots, v_n} & : v_1 \in \closedint {\dfrac 1 2} 1 \end {cases}$

and:
 * $\map H {\hat v, 1} = x_0$

Hence $I$ and $c * c^{-1}$ are in the same equivalence class.

Also see

 * Homotopy Group is Homeomorphism Invariant


 * Fundamental Group is Independent of Base Point for Path-Connected Space


 * List of Fundamental Groups for 2-Manifolds