Characteristic of Common Logarithm of Number Less than 1

Theorem
Let $x \in \R_{>0}$ be a (strictly) positive real number such that $x < 1$.

The characteristic of its common logarithm $\log_{10} x$ is equal to one less than the number of zero digits to the immediate right of the decimal point of $x$.

Proof
Let $x$ be expressed in scientific notation:


 * $x = a \times 10^{-e}$

where:
 * $1 \le a < 10$
 * $e \in \Z_{>0}$

From Range of Common Logarithm of Number between 1 and 10:
 * $0 \le \log_{10} a < 1$

The characteristic of $\log_{10} x$ equals $\map {\log_{10} } {10^{-e} } = \overline e$.

Thus the characteristic of $\log_{10} x$ is equal to the exponent of $x$.

When $e = -1$, we have that:
 * $0 \cdotp 1 \le x < 1$

and so $x$ is in the form:
 * $x = 0 \cdotp rstu \cdotp$

where $rstu \ldots$ are the digits of $x$ following the decimal point such that $r > 0$.

Thus when $e = -1$ there are no zero digits to the immediate right of the decimal point of $x$

That is $e$ is one less than the number of zero digits to the immediate right of the decimal point of $x$.

By Multiplication by Power of 10 by Moving Decimal Point, multiplication by $10^{-e}$ is the same as moving the decimal point $e$ places to the right.

Hence $a \times 10^{-e}$ has $e - 1$ more digits to the left of the decimal point than $a$ does.

That is: $e - 1$.

Hence the result.