Definition:Variance/Discrete

Definition
Let $X$ be a discrete random variable.

Then the variance of $X$, written $\var X$, is a measure of how much the values of $X$ varies from the expectation $\expect X$, and is defined as:

Definition 2
Using $\mu = \expect X$, we can consider $\paren {X - \mu}^2$ as a function of $X$ and apply Expectation of Function of Discrete Random Variable, to obtain:

Definition 3
Far easier to work with than the above definition is the result:

Also denoted as
In contexts where the standard deviation is of interest, the variance is often denoted ${\sigma^2}_X$.

Some sources present it as ${\sigma_X}^2$.

Others do not bother with such niceties, and merely present it as $\sigma^2_X$.

Motivation
For a given discrete random variable, it is useful to know how much different it can get from its "central" value. The variance gives a convenient way of determining this.

For a given value of $x \in X$, when $x$ is fairly close to the expected value, then $\size {x - \expect X}$ tends to be small, and so will $\paren {x - \expect X}^2$

But if $x$ is further away from the expected value, then $\size {x - \expect X}$, and therefore $\paren {x - \expect X}^2$, will be bigger.

If you add up all those squares of the distances away from the expected value, you can then calculate the expected value of how far away from the expected value a particular value is going to be.

Hence the motivation behind this definition.

Also see

 * Equivalence of Definitions of Variance of Discrete Random Variable


 * Definition:Moment of Discrete Random Variable: $\expect {X^2}$ is the second moment of $X$


 * Definition:Variance of Continuous Random Variable