Integer Multiplication is Closed

Theorem
The set of integers is closed under multiplication:
 * $\forall a, b \in \Z: a \times b \in \Z$

Proof
Let us define $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$ as in the formal definition of integers.

That is, $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$ is an equivalence class of ordered pairs of natural numbers under the congruence relation $\boxminus$.

$\boxminus$ is the congruence relation defined on $\N \times \N$ by:
 * $\tuple {x_1, y_1} \boxminus \tuple {x_2, y_2} \iff x_1 + y_2 = x_2 + y_1$

In order to streamline the notation, we will use $\eqclass {a, b} {}$ to mean $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$, as suggested.

Integer multiplication is defined as:


 * $\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \times \eqclass {c, d} {} = \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {}$

We have that:
 * $\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \in \Z, \eqclass {c, d} {} \in \Z$

Also:
 * $\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \times \eqclass {c, d} {} = \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {}$

But:
 * $a c + b d \in \N, a d + b c \in \N$

So:
 * $\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {} \in \Z$

Therefore integer multiplication is closed.