User:Anghel/Sandbox

Theorem
Let $f: D \to \C$ be a complex function, where $D \subseteq \C$ is open.

Let $u, v: \left\{ {\left({x, y}\right) \in \R^2 }\, \middle\vert \, {x+iy = z \in D }\right\} \to \R$ be two real-valued functions defined by:


 * $u \left({x, y}\right) = \operatorname{Re} \left({f \left({z}\right) }\right)$


 * $v \left({x, y}\right) = \operatorname{Im} \left({f \left({z}\right) }\right)$

Here, $\operatorname{Re} \left({f \left({z}\right)}\right) $ denotes the real part of $f \left({z}\right)$, and $\operatorname{Im} \left({f \left({z}\right)}\right) $ denotes the imaginary part of $f \left({z}\right)$.

Then $f$ is complex-differentiable in $D$ iff


 * $u$ and $v$ are differentiable in their entire domain.


 * The partial derivatives of $u$ and $v$ fulfill these two equations, known as the Cauchy-Riemann equations:


 * $\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}$


 * $\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} = - \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}$

Necessary condition
Let $z = x+iy \in D$.

The Alternative Differentiability Condition shows that there exists $r \in \R_{>0}$ such that for all $t \in B_r \left({0}\right) \setminus \left\{ {0}\right\}$:


 * $(\text i) \quad f\left({z + t}\right) = f \left({z}\right) + t \left({f' \left({z}\right) + \epsilon \left({t}\right) }\right)$

where $B_r \left({0}\right)$ denotes an open ball of $0$, and $\epsilon: B_r \left({0}\right) \setminus \left\{ {0}\right\} \to \mathbb C$ is a continuous function with $\displaystyle \lim_{t \to 0} \ \epsilon \left({t}\right) = 0$.

Define $a, b, h, k \in \R$ by $a+ib = f' \left({z}\right)$, and $h+ik = t$.

By taking the real parts of both sides of equation $(\text i)$, it follows that: