Book:Irving M. Copi/Symbolic Logic/Fourth Edition

Subject Matter

 * Symbolic Logic

Contents

 * Preface


 * $1$ Introduction: Logic and Language
 * 1.1 What Is Logic?
 * 1.2 The Nature of Argument
 * 1.3 Truth and Validity
 * 1.4 Symbolic Logic


 * $2$ Arguments Containing Compound Statements
 * 2.1 Simple and Compound Statements
 * 2.2 Conditional Statements
 * 2.3 Argument Forms and Truth Tables
 * 2.4 Statement Forms


 * $3$ The Method of Deduction
 * 3.1 Formal Proof of Validity
 * 3.2 The Rule of Replacement
 * 3.3 Proving Invalidity
 * 3.4 Incompleteness of the Nineteen Rules
 * 3.5 The Rule of Conditional Proof
 * 3.6 The Rule of Indirect Proof
 * 3.7 Proofs of Tautologies
 * 3.8 The Strengthened Rule of Conditional Proof
 * 3.9 Shorter Truth Table Technique &mdash; Reductio ad Absurdum Method


 * $4$ Propositional Functions and Quantifiers
 * 4.1 Singular Propositions and General Propositions
 * 4.2 Proving Validity: Preliminary Quantification Rules
 * 4.3 Proving Invalidity
 * 4.4 Multiply General Propositions
 * 4.5 Quantification Rules
 * 4.6 Logical Truths Involving Quantifiers


 * $5$ The Logic of Relations
 * 5.1 Symbolizing Relations
 * 5.2 Arguments Involving Relations
 * 5.3 Some Attributes of Relations
 * 5.4 Identity and the Definite Description
 * 5.5 Predicate Variables and Attributes of Attributes


 * $6$ Deductive Systems
 * 6.1 Definition and Deduction
 * 6.2 Euclidean Geometry
 * 6.3 Formal Deductive Systems
 * 6.4 Attributes of Formal Deductive Systems
 * 6.5 Logistic Systems


 * $7$ A Propositional Calculus
 * 7.1 Object Language and Metalanguage
 * 7.2 Primitive Symbols and Well Formed Formulas
 * 7.3 Axioms and Demonstrations
 * 7.4 Independence of the Axioms
 * 7.5 Development of the Calculus
 * 7.6 Deductive Completeness


 * $8$ Alternative Systems and Notations
 * 8.1 Alternative Systems of Logic
 * 8.2 The Hilbert-Ackermann System
 * 8.3 The Use of Dots as Brackets
 * 8.4 A Parenthesis-Free Notation
 * 8.5 The Stroke and Dagger Operators
 * 8.6 The Nicod System


 * $9$ A First-Order Function Calculus
 * 9.1 The New Logistic System $RS_1$
 * 9.2 Development of $RS_1$
 * 9.3 Duality
 * 9.4 $RS_1$ and the 'Natural Deduction' Techniques
 * 9.5 Normal Forms
 * 9.6 Completeness of $RS_1$
 * 9.7 $RS_1$ with Identity


 * Appendix A: Normal Forms and Boolean Expansions


 * Appendix B: The Algebra of Classes


 * Appendix C: The Ramified Theory of Types


 * Solutions to Selected Exercises


 * Special Symbols


 * Index



Source work progress
* : $4.2$: Preliminary Quantification Rules


 * Redoing from start:


 * : $1$ Introduction: Logic and Language: $1.4$: Symbolic Logic