User:Dfeuer/Closed Set in Linearly Ordered Space

Theorem
Let $\left({X, \preceq, \tau}\right)$ be a linearly ordered space.

Let $C$ be a subset of $X$.

Let $f:\mathcal P (C) \to \mathcal P (X)$ where $f(S)$ is the set of elements of $X$ that are either suprema or infima of $S$ in $X$.

Then $C$ is closed in $X$ iff:
 * For each nonempty subset $S$ of $C$, $f(S) \subseteq C$.

Forward implication
REPLACE with more complete proof elsewhere.

Suppose that $C$ is closed.

Let $S$ be a non-empty subset of $C$.

Let $s$ be a supremum of $S$.

Suppose for the sake of contradiction that $s \notin C$

Then since $C$ is closed, there must be an $a \in X$ such that:
 * $a \prec s$
 * ${\uparrow_X}a \cap S = \varnothing$

But then $a$ is an upper bound of $S$ preceding $s$, contradicting the assumption that $s$ is a supremum of $S$.

A similar argument shows that an infimum of $S$ must lie in $C$.

Reverse implication
Suppose that no nonempty subset of $C$ has a supremum in $X \setminus C$.

Let $p \in X \setminus C$.

Case 1: $p$ is an upper bound of $C$
Since $C$ is a non-empty subset of $C$, it does not have a supremum in $X \setminus C$.

Thus $p$ is not a supremum of $C$.

Therefore, $C$ has an upper bound $a \in X$ such that $a \prec p$.

Thus ${\uparrow_X}a$ contains $p$ and is disjoint from $C$, so $p$ is not an accumulation point of $C$.

Case 2: $p$ is a lower bound of $C$
The same approach used for case 1 proves $p$ is not an accumulation point of $C$.

Case 3: $p$ is neither an upper nor a lower bound of $C$
In this case, $C \cap {\downarrow_X}p$ and $C \cap {\uparrow_X}p$ are nonempty, and their union is $C$.

Thus $p$ is not a supremum of $C \cap {\downarrow_X}p$ and is not an infimum of $C \cap {\uparrow_X}p$.

Thus there are $a,b\in X$ such that $a \prec p \prec b$, $a$ is an upper bound of $C \cap {\downarrow_X}p$, and $b$ is a lower bound of $C \cap {\downarrow_X}p$. Then $\left({{a}\,.\,.\,{b}}\right)$ contains $p$ and is disjoint from $C$, so $p$ is not an accumulation point of $C$.

Since $C$ contains all of its accumulation points, it is closed.