Definition:Language of Set Theory

Definition
The language of set theory consists of the language of predicate calculus with the binary predicate symbol $\in$, denoting membership.

Predicate Symbols
The language of set theory uses only one predicate symbol, $\in$, the membership sign.

It is a binary predicate symbol.

Using $\in$, other symbols such as $=$ can be defined (see Definition:Set Equality).

Connectives
The language of set theory borrows the connectives from Predicate Calculus. However, some of the connectives can be considered definitional abbreviations.

$\land$ and $\neg$ can be taken as primitive connectives with the following definitional abbreviations:

$\implies$ and $\neg$ can be taken as primitive connectives with the following definitional abbreviations:

The sheffer stroke $|$ can be taken as a sole primitive connective with the following definitional abbreviations:

The other connectives can be defined using $\neg P$ and $( P \implies Q )$ as the "new" primitive connectives.

Quantifiers
The language of set theory adopts the same quantifiers as those in predicate calculus.

However, only $\forall$ is necessary to adopt as a primitive symbol, and $\exists$ can be defined:


 * $\exists x: P(x) \operatorname{for} \neg \forall x: \neg P(x)$

Rules of Formation
The language of set theory is endowed with the following rules of formation:


 * 1) If $x$ and $y$ are variables, then $x \in y$ is a well-formed formula.
 * 2) If $P$ and $Q$ are well-formed formulae, then $\neg P$, $( P \implies Q )$, $( P \land Q )$, $( P \lor Q )$, and $( P \iff Q )$ are also well-formed formulae.
 * 3) If $P$ is a well-formed formula and $x$ is a variable, then $\forall x: ( P )$ and $\exists x: ( P )$ are well-formed formulae.

It is seen that these rules constitute a bottom-up grammar.