Basel Problem/Proof 9

Proof
Let $f \left({x}\right)$ be the real function defined on $\left({0 \,.\,.\, 2 \pi}\right)$ as:


 * $f \left({x}\right) = \begin{cases}

\left({x - \pi}\right)^2 & : 0 < x \le \pi \\ \pi^2 & : \pi < x < 2 \pi \end{cases}$

From Fourier Series: Square of x minus pi, Square of pi, its Fourier series can be expressed as:


 * $f \left({x}\right) \sim \displaystyle \frac {2 \pi^2} 3 + \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \left({\frac {2 \cos n x} {n^2} + \left({\frac {\left({-1}\right)^n \pi} n + \frac {2 \left({\left({-1}\right)^n - 1}\right)} {\pi n^3} }\right) \sin n x}\right)$

Setting $x = 0$: