Integration by Substitution/Proof Technique

Integration by Substitution: Proof Technique
The usefulness of the technique of Integration by Substitution stems from the fact that it may be possible to choose $\phi$ such that $\map f {\map \phi u} \dfrac \d {\d u} \map \phi u$ (despite its seeming complexity in this context) may be easier to integrate.

If $\phi$ is a trigonometric function, the use of trigonometric identities to simplify the integrand is called integration by trigonometric substitution (or simply trig substitution).

Care must be taken to address the domain and image of $\phi$.

This consideration frequently arises when inverse trigonometric functions are involved.