Cardinality of Set of Surjections

Theorem
Let $S$ and $T$ be finite sets.

Let $\card S = m, \card T = n$.

Let $C$ be the number of surjections from $S$ to $T$.

Then:
 * $C = n! \ds {m \brace n}$

where $\ds {m \brace n}$ denotes a Stirling number of the second kind.

Proof
Let $T$ be the codomain of a surjection $f$ from $S$ to $T$.

By the Quotient Theorem for Surjections, $f$ induces an equivalence $\RR_f$ on $T$:


 * $f = r \circ q_{\RR_f}$

where:
 * $\RR_f$ is the equivalence induced by $f$ on $T$
 * $r: S / \RR_f \to T$ is a bijection from the quotient set $S / \RR_f$ to $T$
 * $q_{\RR_f}: S \to S / \RR_f$ is the quotient mapping induced by $\RR_f$.

From the Fundamental Theorem on Equivalence Relations, $\RR_f$ induces a partition on $S$.

From Cardinality of Set of Induced Equivalence Classes of Surjection, $\RR_f$ has $m$ components.

From Number of Set Partitions by Number of Components, there are $\ds {m \brace n}$ different ways of performing such a partitioning.

From Cardinality of Set of Injections, there are $n!$ different bijections from $S / \RR_f \to T$.

The total number of surjections is then the product of these:


 * $C = n! \ds {m \brace n}$