Equivalence of Definitions of Continuous Mapping between Topological Spaces/Point

Theorem
Let $X, Y$ be topological spaces.

Let $x \in X$ and let $f: X \to Y$ be a mapping.

The following are equivalent:


 * $(1): \quad f$ is continuous at $x$, i.e. for any neighborhood $U \subseteq Y$ of $f \left({x}\right)$, $f^{-1} \left({U}\right)$ is a neighborhood of $x$.


 * $(2): \quad$ For any filter $\mathcal F$ on $X$ that converges to $x$, the corresponding image filter $f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$ converges to $f \left({x}\right)$.

$(1) \implies (2)$
Assume $f$ is continuous at $x$ and that $\mathcal F$ is a filter on $X$ that converges to $x$.

Suppose $U \subseteq Y$ is a neighborhood of $f \left({x}\right)$.

Then, since $f$ is continuous at $x$, $f^{-1} \left({U}\right)$ is a neighborhood of $x$.

Since $\mathcal F$ converges to $x$, this implies that $f^{-1} \left({U}\right) \in \mathcal F$.

By the definition of $f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$ it follows that $U \in f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$.

Thus $f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$ converges to $f \left({x}\right)$.

$(2) \implies (1)$
The set $\mathcal U_x := \left\{{U \subseteq X: U \text{ is a neighborhood of } x}\right\}$ is a filter on $X$.

We set $\mathcal F := \mathcal U_x$.

Then $\mathcal F$ obviously converges to $x$.

By assumption this implies that $f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$ converges to $f \left({x}\right)$.

Now let $U \subseteq Y$ a neighborhood of $f \left({x}\right)$.

Then $U \in f \left({\mathcal F}\right)$ and by definition this implies $f^{-1}(U) \in \mathcal F = \mathcal U_x$.

Thus $f^{-1}(U)$ is a neighborhood of $x$.

Therefore $f$ is continuous at $x$.