Definition:Number

Definition
There are five main classes of number:


 * $(1): \quad$ The natural numbers: $\N = \left\{{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots}\right\}$
 * $(2): \quad$ The integers: $\Z = \left\{{\ldots, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots}\right\}$
 * $(3): \quad$ The rational numbers: $\Q = \left\{{p / q: p, q \in \Z, q \ne 0}\right\}$
 * $(4): \quad$ The real numbers: $\R = \{{x: x = \left \langle {s_n} \right \rangle}\}$ where $\left \langle {s_n} \right \rangle$ is a Cauchy sequence in $\Q$
 * $(5): \quad$ The complex numbers: $\C = \left\{{a + i b: a, b \in \R, i^2 = -1}\right\}$

It is possible to categorize numbers further, for example:


 * The set of algebraic numbers $\mathbb A$ is the subset of the complex numbers which are roots of polynomials with rational coefficients. The algebraic numbers include the rational numbers, $\sqrt{2}$, and the golden section $\varphi$.


 * The set of transcendental numbers is the set of all the real numbers which are not algebraic. The transcendental numbers include $\pi, e,$ and $\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}$.


 * The set of prime numbers (sometimes referred to as $\mathbb P$) is the subset of the integers which have exactly two positive divisors, $1$ and the number itself. The first several primes are $2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, \ldots$

Extension of concepts
It is possible to continue from the concept of complex numbers and define:
 * The quaternions $\mathbb H$ (labelled $\mathbb H$ for William Hamilton who discovered / invented them)
 * The octonions $\mathbb O$
 * The sedenions $\mathbb S$

and so forth.

Thence follows an entire branch of mathematics: see Cayley-Dickson construction.

In a different direction, the concept of natural numbers can be extended to the ordinals.

Number Sets as Algebraic Structures
Note that:
 * $\left({\N, +, \le}\right)$ is a naturally ordered semigroup.
 * $\left({\Z, +, \times, \le}\right)$ is a totally ordered integral domain.
 * $\left({\Q, +, \times, \le}\right)$ is a totally ordered field, and also a metric space.
 * $\left({\R, +, \times, \le}\right)$ is a totally ordered field, and also a complete metric space.
 * $\left({\C, +, \times}\right)$ is a field, but can not be ordered. However, it can be treated as a metric space.

Comment
Note that (disregarding isomorphisms):


 * $\N \subseteq \Z \subseteq \Q \subseteq \R \subseteq \C$

and of course $\mathbb P \subseteq \Z$.