Quotient Theorem for Sets

Theorem
Any mapping $f: S \to T$ can be uniquely factored into a surjection, followed by a bijection, followed by an injection.

Thus:
 * $f = i \circ r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f}$

where:


 * $q_{\mathcal R_f}: S \to S / \mathcal R_f : \map {q_{\mathcal R_f} } s = \eqclass s {\mathcal R_f}$
 * $r: S / \mathcal R_f \to \Img f: \map r {\eqclass s {\mathcal R_f} } = \map f s$
 * $i: \Img f \to T: \map i t = t$

This can be illustrated using a commutative diagram as follows:


 * $\begin {xy} \xymatrix@L + 2mu@ + 1em {

S \ar@{-->}[rrr]^*{f = i_T \circ r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f} } \ar[d]_*{q_{\mathcal R_f} } & & & T \\ S / \mathcal R_f \ar[rrr]_*{r} & & & \Img f \ar[u]_*{i_T} } \end {xy}$

Proof
From Factoring Mapping into Surjection and Inclusion, $f$ can be factored uniquely into:


 * A surjection $g: S \to \Img f$, followed by:
 * The inclusion mapping $i: \Img f \to T$ (an injection).


 * $\begin{xy}\xymatrix@L+2mu@+1em {

S \ar[drdr]_*{g} \ar@{-->}[rr]^*{f = i_T \circ g} & & T \\ \\ & & \Img f \ar[uu]_*{i_T} }\end{xy}$

From the Quotient Theorem for Surjections, the surjection $g$ can be factored uniquely into:
 * The quotient mapping $q_{\mathcal R_f}: S \to S / \mathcal R_f$ (a surjection), followed by:
 * The renaming mapping $r: S / \mathcal R_f \to \Img f$ (a bijection).

Thus:
 * $f = i_T \circ \paren {r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f} }$

As Composition of Mappings is Associative it can be seen that $f = i_T \circ r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f}$.

The commutative diagram as follows:


 * $\begin {xy} \xymatrix@L + 2mu@ + 1em {

S \ar@{-->}[rrr]^*{f = i_T \circ r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f} } \ar[ddd]_*{q_{\mathcal R_f} } \ar@{..>}[drdrdr]_*{g = r \circ q_{\mathcal R_f} } & & & T \\ \\ \\ S / \mathcal R_f \ar[rrr]_*{r} & & & \Img f \ar[uuu]_*{i_T} } \end {xy}$

Also known as
Otherwise known as the factoring theorem or factor theorem.

This construction is known as the canonical decomposition of $f$.

Also see

 * Factoring Mapping into Quotient and Injection
 * Factoring Mapping into Surjection and Inclusion


 * Quotient Theorem for Surjections