Abel's Lemma/Formulation 1

Lemma
Let $\sequence a$ and $\sequence b$ be sequences in an arbitrary ring $R$.

Then:
 * $\ds \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_k \paren {b_{k + 1} - b_k} = a_{n + 1} b_{n + 1} - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n \paren {a_{k + 1} - a_k} b_{k + 1}$

Note that although proved for the general ring, this result is usually applied to one of the conventional number fields $\Z, \Q, \R$ and $\C$.

Also reported as
Some sources give this as:


 * $\ds \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n \paren {a_{k + 1} - a_k} b_k = a_{n + 1} b_{n + 1} - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_{k + 1} \paren {b_{k + 1} - b_k}$

which is obtained from the main result by interchanging $a$ and $b$.

Others take the upper index to $n - 1$:


 * $\ds \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} \paren {a_{k + 1} - a_k} b_k = a_n b_n - a_m b_m - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} a_{k + 1} \paren {b_{k + 1} - b_k}$