Mathematician:Isaac Newton

Hugely influential English all-rounder famous for:
 * Inventing calculus, independently of Leibniz.
 * Successfully providing a mathematical model for the force of gravity;
 * Formulating the Principle of Conservation of Momentum and Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum;
 * Building the first practical optical reflecting telescope;
 * Developing a theory of colour based on the splitting of light with a prism;

and much more. It is suspected nowadays that he may have had Asperger's syndrome.

Nationality
English

History

 * Born: 25 December 1642
 * Died: 20 March 1727

Theorems and Definitions

 * Newton's Method for approximating the zeroes of a function
 * Generalized Binomial Theorem

Books and Papers

 * "Method of Fluxions" (1671)
 * "De Motu Corporum in Gyrum" (1684)
 * "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687)
 * "Opticks" (1704)
 * "Arithmetica Universalis" (1707)