User:Anghel/Sandbox

Theorem
Let $C$ be a simple closed contour in $U$, where $U \subseteq \C$ is an open set.

Let $\Int C \subseteq U$, where $\Int C$ denotes the interior of $C$.

Then there exists a simply connected domain $V$ such that $\Int C \subseteq V \subseteq U$, and $C$ is a contour in $V$.

Proof
By Complex Plane is Homeomorphic to Real Plane, the function $\phi : \R^2 \to \C$, defined by $\map \phi {x, y} = x + i y$, is a homeomorphism between $\R^2$ and $\C$.

By Interior of Simple Closed Contour is Well-Defined, there exists a Jordan curve $f : \closedint 0 1 \to \R^2$ with $\Img C = \phi \sqbrk {\Img f}$, and $\Int C = \phi \sqbrk {\Int f}$.

As $\phi$ is bijective, it follows that $\Img f = \phi^{-1} \sqbrk {\Img C}$, and $\Int f = \phi^{-1} \sqbrk {\Int C}$.

Let $\mathbb S^1$ denote the unit circle in $\R^2$ whose center is at the origin $\mathbf 0$ of $\R^2$.

Let $\map {B_1} { \mathbf 0 }$ denote the open ball in $\R^2$ with radius $1$ and center $\mathbf 0$, and let $\map {B_1^-} { \mathbf 0 }$ denote the closed ball in $\R^2$ with radius $1$ and center $\mathbf 0$.

By the Jordan-Schönflies Theorem, there exists a homeomorphism $\psi: \R^2 \to \R^2$ such that $\psi \sqbrk {\Img f} = \mathbb S_1$, and $\psi \sqbrk{ \Int f } = \map{B_1}{\mathbf 0}$.

By Composite of Homeomorphisms between Metric Spaces is Homeomorphism, $\psi \circ \phi^{-1} : \C \to \R^2$ is a homeomorphism.

It follows that $\mathbb S_1 = \psi \circ \phi^{-1} \sqbrk {\Img C}$, and $\map{B_1}{\mathbf 0} = \psi \circ \phi^{-1} \sqbrk {\Int C}$.

By definition of closed ball, it follows that $\map {B_1^-}{ \mathbf 0} = \mathbb S_1 \cup \map{B_1}{\mathbf 0}$.

By Closed Ball in Euclidean Space is Compact, $\map {B_1^-}{\mathbf 0}$ is compact.

By Complement of Open Set in Complex Plane is Closed, $\relcomp \C U$ is closed in $\C$.

Set $K = \psi \circ \phi^{-1} \sqbrk { \relcomp \C U }$.

By Continuity of Mapping between Metric Spaces by Closed Sets, $K$ is closed in $\R^2$.

As $\psi \circ \phi^{-1}$ is bijective, and $\Img C \cup \Int C$ and $\relcomp \C U$ are disjoint in $\C$, it follows that $\map{B_1^-}{\mathbf 0}$ and $K$ are disjoint in $\R^2$.

By Distance between Disjoint Compact Set and Closed Set in Metric Space is Positive, the distance between $\map{B_1^-}{\mathbf 0}$ and $K$ is equal to some $\epsilon \in \R_{>0}$.

For each $\mathbf x \in \map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0}$, the distance between $\mathbf x$ and $\map {B_1^-}{\mathbf 0}$ is smaller than $\epsilon$.

By definition of distance, it follows that $\mathbf x \notin K$, so $\map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0}$ and $K$ are disjoint in $\R^2$.

By Open Ball is Open Set in Normed Vector Space, $\map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0}$ is open in $\R^2$.

By Open Ball is Simply Connected, $\map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0}$ is simply connected.

Set $V = \phi \circ \psi^{-1} \sqbrk {\map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0} } \subseteq \C$.

By Simple Connectedness is Preserved under Homeomorphism, it follows that $V$ is simply connected.

By definition of continuity, $V$ is open in $\C$.

By definition of simply connected domain, $V$ is a simply connected domain.

As $\map {B_1^-}{\mathbf 0} \subseteq \map { B_{1+\epsilon} }{\mathbf 0}$, and $\phi \circ \psi^{-1}$ is bijective, it follows that $\Img C \cup \Int C \subseteq V$.

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