Mathematician:Joseph Louis Lagrange

Mathematician
Italian-born French mathematician who made big advances in the fields of the calculus of variations and analytical mechanics.

Contributed to number theory and algebra.

Extended a lot of the fields established by, and in turn laid down the groundwork for later explorations by and. Played a leading part in establishing the metric system of weights and measures.

He did the following:
 * Author of Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des equations (1770), a complete restudy of all the known methods of solving the cubic and quartic equations.
 * Proposed a prime number as the universally adopted number base. Thus every systematic fraction would be reducible and represent the number in a unique way.
 * Established some very general theorems on whether a number is prime from examining its digits.
 * Tried in vain to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
 * One of the few exceptions of his time who was doubtful that a polynomial equation of degree greater than four was capable of a formal solution by means of radicals.
 * Gave an insufficient proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

He also proved Wilson's Theorem.

Nationality
Italian-born, of mixed Italian and French parentage, living mainly in France and Prussia.

History

 * Born: 25 January 1736, Turin, Italy
 * 1755: Appointed Professor at Royal Artillery School at Turin
 * 1766: Moved to Berlin to take over position of Euler, who had moved to St. Petersburg
 * 1786: Moved to Paris after death of Frederick the Great
 * Died: 10 April 1813, Paris, France.

Theorems and Definitions

 * Lagrange's Theorem (Number Theory)
 * Lagrange's Formula
 * Lagrange's Identity
 * Lagrange's Four Square Theorem
 * Lagrange's Method of Multipliers
 * Lagrange's Equations of Motion
 * Lagrange Basis Polynomial
 * Lagrange Form of Remainder of Taylor Series
 * Proved Wilson's Theorem


 * Lagrange's Theorem (Group Theory) was named after him, although he did not prove the general form. What he actually proved was that if a polynomial in $n$ variables has its variables permuted in all $n!$ ways, the number of different polynomials that are obtained is always a divisor of $n!$.

Books and Papers

 * 1770: Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des equations: a complete restudy of all the known methods of solving the cubic and quartic equations.
 * 1788:
 * 1797: Théorie des fonctions analytiques
 * 1798: Résolution des équations numériques: Includes a method of approximating to the real roots of an equation by means of continued fractions.
 * 1800: Leçons sur le calcul des fonctions

Critical View

 * The "generalized coordinates" of our mechanics of today were conceived and installed by Lagrange, and this was an achievement of unmatchable magnitude.

Also known as
Some sources render his name as Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

He was born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, or Giuseppe Ludovico de la Grange Tournier.

He is also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange, and also Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia.