Integral of Positive Function with respect to Counting Measure on Natural Numbers

Theorem
Consider the measure space $\struct {\N, \map \PP \N, \mu}$ where $\mu$ is the counting measure on $\struct {\N, \map \PP \N}$.

Let $f : \N \to \R$ be a function.

Then:


 * $\ds \int f \rd \mu = \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \map f n$

Proof
Clearly we have:


 * $\set {x \in \N : \map f x \le \alpha} \in \map \PP \N$

for each $\alpha \in \R$, so any function $f : \N \to \R$ is $\map \PP \N$-measurable.

Similarly, an arbitrary subset of $\N$ is clearly $\map \PP \N$-measurable.

For each $n \in \N$, define $f_n : \N \to \R$ by:


 * $\ds \map {f_n} k = \begin{cases}\map f k & k \le n \\ 0 & k > n\end{cases}$

for $k \in \N$.

We show that $\sequence {f_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is increasing.

Let $k \in \N$.

We want to show that:


 * $\map {f_n} k \le \map {f_{n + 1} } k$

for each $n \in \N$.

If $k \le n$, then we have:


 * $\map {f_n} k = \map f k$

and:


 * $\map {f_{n + 1} } k = \map f k$

so we have:


 * $\map {f_n} k = \map {f_{n + 1} } k$

in this case.

If $k = n + 1$, then:


 * $\map {f_n} k = 0$

and:


 * $\map {f_{n + 1} } k = \map f k$

so we have:


 * $\map {f_n} k \le \map {f_{n + 1} } k$

If $k > n + 1$, then:


 * $\map {f_n} k = \map f k$

and:


 * $\map {f_{n + 1} } k = \map f k$

so that:


 * $\map {f_n} k = \map {f_{n + 1} } k$

So $\sequence {f_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is increasing

We show that:


 * $\ds \map f k = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \map {f_n} k$

Note that for all $n \ge k$, we have:


 * $\map {f_n} k = \map f k$

so we obtain the above from Tail of Convergent Sequence.

So $\sequence {f_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is a increasing sequence of $\map \PP \N$-measurable functions converging to $f$.

So, from the monotone convergence theorem, we obtain:


 * $\ds \int f \rd \mu = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \int f_n \rd \mu$

It remains to compute:


 * $\ds \int f_n \rd \mu$

for each $n \in \N$.

We can rewrite:


 * $\ds f_n = \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \map f i \chi_{\set i}$

Clearly:


 * $\set {\set 1, \set 2, \ldots, \set n}$ is pairwise disjoint

so, from the definition of the $\mu$-integral of a positive simple function, we have:


 * $\ds \map {I_\mu} {f_n} = \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \map f i \map \mu {\set i}$

From the definition of the counting measure, we have:


 * $\map \mu {\set i} = 1$

for each $i$, so:


 * $\ds \map {I_\mu} {f_n} = \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \map f i$

From Integral of Positive Measurable Function Extends Integral of Positive Simple Function, we therefore have:


 * $\ds \int f_n \rd \mu = \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \map f i$

From the definition of infinite series, we then have:


 * $\ds \int f \rd \mu = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \map f k = \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^\infty \map f k$

as required.