Alternating Sum and Difference of r Choose k up to n
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Theorem
Let $r \in \R, n \in \Z$.
Then:
- $\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le n} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k = \paren {-1}^n \binom {r - 1} n$
Proof 1
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le n} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le n} \binom {k - r - 1} k\) | Negated Upper Index of Binomial Coefficient | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \binom {-r + n} n\) | Sum of r+k Choose k up to n | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^n \binom {r - 1} n\) | Negated Upper Index of Binomial Coefficient |
$\blacksquare$
Proof 2
The proof proceeds by induction.
For all $n \in \Z_{\ge 0}$, let $\map P n$ be the proposition:
- $\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le n} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k = \paren {-1}^n \binom {r - 1} n$
$\map P 0$ is the case:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le 0} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^0 \binom r 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1\) | Binomial Coefficient with Zero | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^n \binom {r - 1} 0\) | Binomial Coefficient with Zero |
Thus $\map P 0$ is seen to hold.
Basis for the Induction
$\map P 1$ is the case:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le 1} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^0 \binom r 0 + \paren {-1}^1 \binom r 1\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1 - r\) | Binomial Coefficient with Zero, Binomial Coefficient with One | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^1 \binom {r - 1} 1\) | Binomial Coefficient with One |
Thus $\map P 1$ is seen to hold.
This is the basis for the induction.
Induction Hypothesis
Now it needs to be shown that, if $\map P m$ is true, where $m \ge 1$, then it logically follows that $\map P {m + 1}$ is true.
So this is the induction hypothesis:
- $\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le m} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k = \paren {-1}^m \binom {r - 1} m$
from which it is to be shown that:
- $\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le m + 1} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k = \paren {-1}^{m + 1} \binom {r - 1} {m + 1}$
Induction Step
This is the induction step:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le m + 1} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop \le m} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k + \paren {-1}^{m + 1} \binom r {m + 1}\) | Definition of Summation | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^m \binom {r - 1} m + \paren {-1}^{m + 1} \binom r {m + 1}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^{m + 1} \paren {\binom r {m + 1} - \binom {r - 1} m }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {-1}^{m + 1} \binom {r - 1} {m + 1}\) | Pascal's Rule |
So $\map P m \implies \map P {m + 1}$ and the result follows by the Principle of Mathematical Induction.
Therefore:
- $\forall n \in \Z_{\ge 0}: \ds \sum_{k \mathop \le n} \paren {-1}^k \binom r k = \paren {-1}^n \binom {r - 1} n$