# Archimedes' Cattle Problem/Difficult Version

## Classic Problem

The sun god had a herd of cattle consisting of bulls and cows, divided into $4$ herds according to their colour:

white
black
dappled
yellow.

(Accounts vary as to their actual colours, which are arbitrary.)

Among the bulls:

the number of white ones was one half plus one third the number of the black greater than the yellow
the number of the black ones was one quarter plus one fifth the number of the dappled greater than the yellow
the number of the dappled ones was one sixth and one seventh the number of the white greater than the yellow.

Among the cows:

the number of white ones was one third plus one quarter of the total black cattle
the number of the black ones was one quarter plus one fifth the total of the dappled cattle
the number of dappled cattle was one fifth plus one sixth the total of the yellow cattle
the number of the yellow cattle was one sixth plus one seventh the total of the white cattle.

All the white and black bulls were arranged in a square
All the dappled and brown bulls were arranged in a triangle.

What was the composition of the herd?

## Solution

Reduction of the system of simultaneous equations results in the Pell's Equation:

$t^2 - 4 \, 729 \, 494 u^2 = 1$

The smallest solution set to this equation is found to be:

 $\displaystyle t$ $=$ $\displaystyle 109 \, 391 \, 986 \, 732 \, 829 \, 734 \, 979 \, 866 \, 232 \, 821 \, 433 \, 543 \, 901 \, 088 \, 049$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\displaystyle u$ $=$ $\displaystyle 50 \, 549 \, 485 \, 234 \, 315 \, 033 \, 0764 \, 477 \, 819 \, 735 \, 540 \, 408 \, 986 \, 340$ $\quad$ $\quad$

In this case, the total number of cattle is approximately:

$W + B + D + Y + w + b + d + y = 7 \cdotp 760271 \ldots \times 10^{206 \, 544}$

$\blacksquare$

## Source of Name

This entry was named for Archimedes of Syracuse.

## Historical Note

There are various interpretations of this problem, as the initial wording can be construed as ambiguous.

In particular, it is not completely clear in the difficult version whether the white and black bulls need to be arranged in a square or a rectangle.

While the problem is attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse, it is far from certain that he was the one who originated it.

It appears, from the arbitrary nature of the numbers selected, and the difficulty of finding a solution, that the problem was contrived with no consideration of what the solution might be, or indeed whether there is one, in the same way that a lecturer in mathematics invents a problem, on the fly, as an illustration of the use of a particular solution technique, without first having checked that the solution will be immediately tractable.

The smallest solution to the Pellian Equation $t^2 - 4 \, 729 \, 494 u^2 = 1$ was discovered by A. Amthor and B. Krumbiegel in $1880$, but the corresponding total number of cattle was not actually calculated until $1965$.

This was done by computer. It took $7$ hours and $49$ minutes of computer time, and its printout filled $46$ pages.

This was checked in $1981$ on a more powerful machine, and this took $10$ minutes.

The full solution was published in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics.