# Category:Hilbert 23

## Hilbert 23

The Hilbert 23 is a list of $23$ at-the-time unsolved problems in mathematics published by David Hilbert during $1900$.

They are as follows:

### 1: The Continuum Hypothesis

There is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers.

### 2: Consistency of Axioms of Mathematics

Proof that the axioms of mathematics are consistent.

### 3: Finite Dissection of Polyhedra

Given any two polyhedra of equal volume, is it always possible to cut the first into finitely many polyhedral pieces which can be reassembled to yield the second?

### 4: Construction of all Metrics where Lines are Geodesics

Construct all metrics where lines are geodesics.

### 5: Whether Continuous Groups are Differential Groups

Are continuous groups automatically differential groups?

### 6: Axiomatize all of Physics

Axiomatize all of physics.

### 7: The Gelfond-Schneider Theorem

Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be algebraic numbers (possibly complex) such that $\alpha \notin \set {0, 1}$.

Let $\beta$ be irrational.

Then any value of $\alpha^\beta$ is transcendental.

### 8a: The Riemann Hypothesis

All the nontrivial zeroes of the analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta$ have a real part equal to $\dfrac 1 2$.

### 8b: The Goldbach Conjecture

Every even integer greater than $2$ is the sum of two primes.

### 8c: The Twin Prime Conjecture

There exist infinitely many pairs of twin primes: that is, primes which differ by $2$.

### 9: General Reciprocity Theorem in Algebraic Number Field

Find the most general law of the Reciprocity Theorem in any algebraic number field.

### 10: Algorithm to determine whether Polynomial Diophantine Equation has Integer Solution

There is no algorithm to determine whether a given polynomial Diophantine equation with integer coefficients has an integer solution.

### 11: Quadratic Forms with Algebraic Numerical Coefficients

Solving quadratic forms with algebraic numerical coefficients.

### 12: Extension of Kronecker-Weber Theorem to any base Number Field

Extend the Kronecker-Weber Theorem on abelian extensions of the rational numbers to any base number field.

### 13: Solution of 7th Degree Equations using Two Parameter Functions

Solve all $7$th degree equations using functions of two parameters.

### 14: Proof of Finiteness of certain Complete Systems of Functions

Proof of the finiteness of certain complete systems of functions.

### 15: Rigorous foundation of Schubert's Enumerative Calculus

Rigorous foundation of Schubert's Enumerative Calculus.

### 17: Definite Rational Function as Quotient of Sums of Squares

Expression of definite rational function as quotient of sums of squares.

### 18a: Existence of Non-Regular Space-Filling Polyhedron

There exists a non-regular space-filling polyhedron.

### 18b: Kepler's Conjecture (Densest Sphere Packing)

The densest packing of identical spheres in space is obtained when the spheres are arranged with their centers at the points of a face-centered cubic lattice.

This obtains a density of $\dfrac \pi {3 \sqrt 2} = \dfrac \pi {\sqrt {18} }$:

$\dfrac \pi {\sqrt {18} } = 0 \cdotp 74048 \ldots$

### 19: Solutions of Lagrangian are Analytic

Are the solutions of a Lagrangian always analytic?

### 20: Existence of Solutions of Variational Problems with certain Boundary Conditions

Do all variational problems with certain boundary conditions have solutions?

### 21: Existence of Linear Differential Equation with prescribed Monodromic Group

Proof of the existence of linear differential equations having a prescribed monodromic group.

### 22: Uniformization of Analytic Relations by means of Automorphic Functions

Uniformization of analytic relations by means of automorphic functions.

### 23: Further Development of the Calculus of Variations

Further development of the calculus of variations.

## Pages in category "Hilbert 23"

The following 35 pages are in this category, out of 35 total.