Characterization for Topological Evaluation Mapping to be Embedding
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Theorem
Let $X$ be a topological space.
Let $\family {Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$ be an indexed family of topological spaces for some indexing set $I$.
Let $\family {f_i : X \to Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$ be an indexed family of continuous mappings.
Let $\ds Y = \prod_{i \mathop \in I} Y_i$ be the product space of $\family {Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$.
Let $f : X \to Y$ be the evaluation mapping induced by $\family{f_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$.
Then:
- $f$ is an embedding
- $(1)\quad$ the topology on $X$ is the initial topology with respect to $\family {f_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$
- $(2)\quad$ the family $\family {f_i}$ separates points
Proof
Necessary Condition
Let $f$ be an embedding.
$(1)$ The Topology on $X$ is the Initial Topology
Let $f \sqbrk X$ denote the image of $f$.
Let $\tau_{f \sqbrk X}$ be the subspace topology on $f \sqbrk X$.
By definition of embedding:
- $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X}$ is a homeomorphism between $X$ and $f \sqbrk X$
From Subspace of Product Space has Initial Topology with respect to Restricted Projections:
- $\tau_{f \sqbrk X}$ is the initial topology on $f \sqbrk X$ with respect to the mappings $\family {\pr_i \restriction_{f \sqbrk X} : f \sqbrk X \to Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$
Let $\tau$ be the topology on $X$.
From Homeomorphic Topology of Initial Topology is Initial Topology:
- $\tau$ is the initial topology on $X$ with respect to $\family {\pr_i \restriction_{f \sqbrk X} \circ f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X} : X \to Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$
We have:
\(\ds \pr_i \restriction_{f \sqbrk X} \circ f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \pr_i \circ f\) | Composition of Mapping with Mapping Restricted to Image | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds f_i\) | Composite of Evaluation Mapping and Projection |
Hence:
- $\tau$ is the initial topology on $X$ with respect to $\family {f_i : X \to Y_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$
$\Box$
$(2)$ The Family $\family {f_i}$ Separates Points
By definition of embedding:
- $f$ is a homeomorphism between $X$ and $f \sqbrk X$
By definition of homeomorphism:
- $f$ is an injection
From Evaluation Mapping is Injective iff Mappings Separate Points:
- the family $\family {f_i}$ separates points.
$\Box$
Sufficient Condition
Let:
- $(1)\quad$ the topology on $X$ be the initial topology with respect to $\family {f_i}_{i \mathop \in I}$
- $(2)\quad$ the family $\family {f_i}$ separate points
From Evaluation Mapping is Injective iff Mappings Separate Points:
- $f$ is an injection
From Injection to Image is Bijection:
- $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X} \mathop : X \to f \sqbrk X$ is a bijection
From Topological Evaluation Mapping is Continuous:
- $f$ is continuous
From Continuity of Composite of Inclusion on Mapping:
- $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X}$ is continuous
Let $\SS = \set{ f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V : i \in I, V \subseteq Y_i \text{ is open}}$.
Let $f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V \in \SS$ for some $i \in I, V \subseteq Y_i$ is open.
Let $\pr_i$ denote the projection from $Y$ to $Y_i$.
We have:
\(\ds f \sqbrk {f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds f \sqbrk {\paren{\pr_i \circ f}^{-1} \sqbrk V}\) | Composite of Evaluation Mapping and Projection | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds f \sqbrk {f^{-1} \sqbrk {\pr_i^{-1} \sqbrk V} }\) | Preimage of Subset under Composite Mapping | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \pr_i^{-1} \sqbrk V \cap f \sqbrk X\) | Image of Preimage under Mapping |
By defintion of product topology:
- $\pr_i^{-1} \sqbrk V$ is open in $Y$
By definition of subspace:
- $f \sqbrk {f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V} = \pr_i^{-1} \sqbrk V \cap f \sqbrk X$ is open in $f \sqbrk X$
By definition of restriction:
- $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X} \sqbrk {f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V} = f \sqbrk {f_i^{-1} \sqbrk V}$
We have shown that:
- $\forall U \in \SS : f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X} \sqbrk U \text{ is open in } Y$
By definition of initial topology:
From Injection is Open Mapping iff Image of Sub-Basis Set is Open:
- $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X}$ is an open mapping
By definition, $f \restriction_{X \times f \sqbrk X}$ is a homeomorphism.
By definition, $f$ is an embedding.
$\blacksquare$
Also see
Sources
- 1970: Stephen Willard: General Topology: Chapter $3$: New Space from Old: $\S8$: Product Spaces, Weak Topologies: Theorem $8.12$