Dihedral Group D4/Cayley Table
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Cayley Table for Dihedral Group $D_4$
The Cayley table for the dihedral group $D_4$, whose group presentation is:
- $D_4 = \gen {a, b: a^4 = b^2 = e, a b = b a^{-1} }$
can be presented as:
- $\begin{array}{l|cccccccc}
& e & a & a^2 & a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 \\
\hline
e & e & a & a^2 & a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 \\ a & a & a^2 & a^3 & e & b a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 \\ a^2 & a^2 & a^3 & e & a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & b a \\ a^3 & a^3 & e & a & a^2 & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b \\ b & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & e & a & a^2 & a^3 \\ b a & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & a^3 & e & a & a^2 \\ b a^2 & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & b a & a^2 & a^3 & e & a \\ b a^3 & b a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & a & a^2 & a^3 & e
\end{array}$
Coset Decomposition of $\set {e, a^2}$
Presenting the above Cayley table with respect to the coset decomposition of the normal subgroup $\gen a^2$ gives:
- $\begin{array}{l|cc|cc|cc|cc}
& e & a^2 & a & a^3 & b & b a^2 & b a & b a^3 \\
\hline
e & e & a^2 & a & a^3 & b & b a^2 & b a & b a^3 \\ a^2 & a^2 & e & a^3 & a & b a^2 & b & b a^3 & b a \\
\hline
a & a & a^3 & a^2 & e & b a^3 & b a & b & b a^2 \\ a^3 & a^3 & a & e & a^2 & b a & b a^3 & b a^2 & b \\
\hline
b & b & b a^2 & b a & b a^3 & e & a^2 & a & a^3 \\ b a^2 & b a^2 & b & b a^3 & b a & a^2 & e & a^3 & a \\
\hline
b a & b a & b a^3 & b a^2 & b & a^3 & a & e & a^2 \\ b a^3 & b a^3 & b a & b & b a^2 & a & a^3 & a^2 & e
\end{array}$
which is seen to be an example of the Klein $4$-group.
Coset Decomposition of $\set {e, a, a^2, a^3}$
Presenting the above Cayley table with respect to the coset decomposition of the normal subgroup $\gen a$ gives:
- $\begin{array}{l|cccc|cccc}
& e & a & a^2 & a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 \\
\hline
e & e & a & a^2 & a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 \\ a & a & a^2 & a^3 & e & b a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 \\ a^2 & a^2 & a^3 & e & a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & b a \\ a^3 & a^3 & e & a & a^2 & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b \\
\hline
b & b & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & e & a & a^2 & a^3 \\ b a & b a & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & a^3 & e & a & a^2 \\ b a^2 & b a^2 & b a^3 & b & b a & a^2 & a^3 & e & a \\ b a^3 & b a^3 & b & b a & b a^2 & a & a^2 & a^3 & e
\end{array}$
Sources
- 1996: John F. Humphreys: A Course in Group Theory ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter $7$: Normal subgroups and quotient groups: Example $7.13$