Euler's Equation for Vanishing Variation in Canonical Variables
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Theorem
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Consider the following system of differential equations:
- $(1): \quad \begin {cases} F_{y_i} - \dfrac \d {\d x} F_{y_i'} = 0 \\ \dfrac {\d {y_i} } {\d x} = y_i'\end{cases}$
where $i \in \set {1, \ldots, n}$.
Let the coordinates $\tuple {x, \family {y_i}_{1 \mathop \le i \mathop \le n}, \family {y_i'}_{1 \mathop \le i \mathop \le n}, F}$ be transformed to canonical variables:
- $\tuple {x, \family {y_i}_{1 \mathop \le i \mathop \le n}, \family {p_i}_{1 \mathop \le i \mathop \le n}, H}$
Then the system $(1)$ is transformed into:
- $\begin {cases} \dfrac {\d y_i} {\d x} = \dfrac {\partial H} {\partial p_i} \\ \dfrac {\d p_i} {\d x} = -\dfrac {\partial H} {\partial y_i} \end {cases}$
Proof
Find the full differential of Hamiltonian:
\(\ds \rd H\) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\rd F + \rd {\sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n y_i' p_i}\) | Definition of Hamiltonian | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\rd F + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \paren {\rd {y_i'} p_i + y_i' \rd p_i}\) | Full differential of a product | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac {\partial F} {\partial x} \rd x - \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial F} {\partial y_i} \rd y_i - \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial F} {\partial y_i'} \rd y_i' + {\sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \rd y_i' p_i} + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n y_i'\rd p_i\) | Definition of Differential of Real-Valued Function | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac {\partial F} {\partial x} \rd x - \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial F} {\partial y_i} \rd y_i - \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n p_i \rd y_i' + {\sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \rd y_i' p_i} + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n y_i'\rd p_i\) | Definition of Canonical Variable: $p_i$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac {\partial F} {\partial x} \rd x - \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial F} {\partial y_i} \rd y_i + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n y_i' \rd p_i\) | Terms with $p_i \rd y_i'$ cancel | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\partial H} {\partial x} \rd x + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial H} {\partial y_i} \rd y_i + \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\partial H} {\partial p_i} \rd p_i\) | Definition of Differential of Real-Valued Function |
By equating coefficients of differentials in last two equations we find that:
- $\dfrac {\partial H} {\partial x} = -\dfrac {\partial F} {\partial x}$
- $\dfrac {\partial H} {\partial y_i} = -\dfrac {\partial F} {\partial y_i}$
- $\dfrac {\partial H} {\partial p_i} = y_i'$
From the third identity it follows that:
- $\paren {\dfrac {\d y_i} {\d x} = y_i} \implies \paren {\dfrac {\d y_i} {\d x} = \dfrac {\partial H} {\partial p_i} }$
while the second identity together with the definition of $p_i$ assures that:
- $\paren {\dfrac {\partial F} {\partial y_i} - \dfrac \d {\d x} \dfrac {\partial F} {\partial y_i} = 0} \implies \paren {\dfrac {\d p_i} {\d x} = -\dfrac {\partial H} {\partial y_i} }$
$\blacksquare$
Source of Name
This entry was named for Leonhard Paul Euler.
Sources
- 1963: I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Fomin: Calculus of Variations ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 4.16$: The Canonical Form of the Euler's Equations