Existence of Abscissa of Convergence

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Theorem

Let $\ds \map f s = \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty a_n n^{-s}$ be a Dirichlet series.

Let the series $\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \size {a_n n^{-s} }$ not converge for all $s \in \C$, or diverge for all $s \in \C$.


Then there exists a real number $\sigma_c$ such that $\map f s$ converges for all $s = \sigma + i t$ with $\sigma > \sigma_c$, and does not converge for all $s$ with $\sigma < \sigma_c$.

We call $\sigma_c$ the abscissa of convergence of the Dirichlet series.


General

Let $s = \sigma + i t$

Let $\ds \map f s = \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}$ be a general Dirichlet series.

Then there exists a extended real number, $\sigma_0$, such that

$(1): \quad$ For $\sigma < \sigma_0$, $\map f s$ diverges
$(2): \quad$ For $\sigma > \sigma_0$, $\map f s$ converges.


Proof

Let $S$ be the set of all complex numbers $s$ such that $\map f s$ converges.

By hypothesis, there is some $s_0 = \sigma_0 + i t_0 \in \C$ such that $\map f {s_0}$ converges, so $S$ is not empty.


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Moreover, $S$ is bounded below, for otherwise it follows from Dirichlet Series Convergence Lemma that $\map f s$ converges for all $s \in \C$, a contradiction of our assumptions.

Therefore the infimum:

$\sigma_c = \inf \set {\sigma: s = \sigma + i t \in S} \in \R$

is well defined.


Now if $s = \sigma + it$ with $\sigma > \sigma_c$, then there is $s' = \sigma' + i t' \in S$ with $\sigma' < \sigma$, and $\map f {s'}$ is convergent.

Then it follows from Dirichlet Series Convergence Lemma that $\map f s$ is convergent.


If $s = \sigma + it$ with $\sigma < \sigma_c$, and $\map f s$ is convergent then $s$ contradicts the definition of $\sigma_c$.


Therefore, $\sigma_c$ has the claimed properties.

$\blacksquare$


Note

It is conventional to set $\sigma_c = -\infty$ if the series $\map f s$ is convergent for all $s \in \C$, and $\sigma_c = \infty$ if the series converges for no $s \in \C$.

Therefore, allowing $\sigma_c$ to be an extended real number, $\sigma_c$ is defined for all Dirichlet series.


Also see


Sources

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