Fourier's Theorem/Lemma 3

Lemma for Fourier's Theorem

Let $\psi$ be a real function defined on an open interval $\openint a b$.

Let $\psi$ and its derivative $\psi'$ be piecewise continuous with one-sided limits on $\openint a b$.

Let $\map \psi u$ have both right-hand derivative and left-hand derivative at a point $u = x$ where $x \in \openint a b$.

Then:

$\ds \lim_{N \mathop \to \infty} \int_a^b \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u = \frac \pi 2 \paren {\map \psi {x^+} + \map \psi {x^-} }$

where:

$\map \psi {x^+}$ denotes the limit of $\psi$ at $x$ from the right

$\map \psi {x^-}$ denotes the limit of $\psi$ at $x$ from the left.

Proof

From Sum of Integrals on Adjacent Intervals for Integrable Functions, we have:

$\ds \int_a^b \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u = \int_a^x \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u + \int_x^b \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u$

Let $u = x - \xi$.

Then by Integration by Substitution:

$\ds \int_a^x \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u = \int_0^{x - a} \map \phi \xi \frac {\sin N \xi} \xi \rd \xi$

where:

$\map \phi \xi = \map \psi {u - \xi}$

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By Fourier's Theorem: Lemma 2:

\(\ds \lim_{N \mathop \to \infty} \int_0^{x - a} \map \phi \xi \frac {\sin N \xi} \xi \rd \xi\)

\(=\)

\(\ds \frac \pi 2 \map \phi {0^+}\)

\(\ds \)

\(=\)

\(\ds \frac \pi 2 \map \psi {x^-}\)

Similarly, substituting $u = x + \eta$:

$\ds \int_x^b \map \psi u \frac {\sin N \paren {u - x} } {u - x} \rd u = \int_0^{b - x} \map \chi \eta \frac {\sin N \eta} \eta \rd \eta$

where:

$\map \chi \xi = \map \psi {x + \eta}$

By Fourier's Theorem: Lemma 2:

\(\ds \lim_{N \mathop \to \infty} \int_0^{b - x} \map \chi \eta \frac {\sin N \eta} \eta \rd \eta\)

\(=\)

\(\ds \frac \pi 2 \map \phi {0^+}\)

\(\ds \)

\(=\)

\(\ds \frac \pi 2 \map \psi {x^+}\)

The result follows by adding the two limits.

$\blacksquare$

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Sources

• 1961: I.N. Sneddon: Fourier Series ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter Two: $\S 2$. Some Important Limits: Lemma $(3)$