Group/Examples/x+y+xy over Reals less -1

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Example of Group

Let $\circ: \R \times \R$ be the operation defined on the real numbers $\R$ as:

$\forall x, y \in \R: x \circ y := x + y + x y$

Let:

$\R' := \R \setminus \set {-1}$

that is, the set of real numbers without $-1$.

Then $\struct {\R', \circ}$ is a group whose identity is $0$.


Proof

From Monoid Example: Operation Defined as $x + y + x y$ on Real Numbers, $\struct {\R, \circ}$ is a monoid whose identity is $0$.

Let $x \in \R$.

We have that:

\(\ds \paren {-1} \circ x\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {-1} + x + \paren {-1} \times x\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds -1\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds x + \paren {-1} + x \times \paren {-1}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds x \circ \paren {-1}\)

demonstrating that $-1$ is a zero for $\circ$ on $\R$.

Thus for $\struct {S, \circ}$ to be a group, where $S \subseteq \R$, it is necessary for $-1 \notin S$.


It has been established that $0$ is the identity of $\struct {\R, \circ}$.

Let $y \in \R'$.

Then:

\(\ds x \circ y\) \(=\) \(\ds 0\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds x + y + x y\) \(=\) \(\ds 0\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds y\) \(=\) \(\ds -\dfrac x {1 + x}\)

Thus the inverse of $x$ is $-\dfrac x {1 + x}$, which exists for all $x$ except for $x = -1$.


Suppose $x, y \in \R \setminus \set {-1}$ such that $x \circ y = -1$.

Then:

\(\ds x \circ y\) \(=\) \(\ds -1\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds x + y + x y\) \(=\) \(\ds -1\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds y\) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac {-\paren {1 + x} } {1 + x}\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds y\) \(=\) \(\ds -1\)
\(\ds \) \(\notin\) \(\ds \R \setminus \set {-1}\)


So we have that $\struct {\R', \circ}$ is closed.


Thus all the group axioms are fulfilled, and so $\struct {\R', \circ}$ is a group.

$\blacksquare$


Sources

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