# Implication Equivalent to Negation of Conjunction with Negative/Formulation 2

## Theorems

$\vdash \paren {p \implies q} \iff \paren {\neg \paren {p \land \neg q} }$

This can be expressed as two separate theorems:

### Forward Implication

$\vdash \left({p \implies q}\right) \implies \left({\neg \left({p \land \neg q}\right)}\right)$

### Reverse Implication

$\vdash \left({\neg \left({p \land \neg q}\right)}\right) \implies \left({p \implies q}\right)$

## Proof 1

By the tableau method of natural deduction:

$\vdash \paren {p \implies q} \iff \paren {\neg \paren {p \land \neg q} }$
Line Pool Formula Rule Depends upon Notes
1 1 $p \implies q$ Assumption (None)
2 2 $p \land \neg q$ Assumption (None)
3 2 $p$ Rule of Simplification: $\land \mathcal E_1$ 2
4 1, 2 $q$ Modus Ponendo Ponens: $\implies \mathcal E$ 1, 3
5 2 $\neg q$ Rule of Simplification: $\land \mathcal E_2$ 2
6 1, 2 $\bot$ Principle of Non-Contradiction: $\neg \mathcal E$ 4, 5
7 1 $\neg \paren {p \land \neg q}$ Proof by Contradiction: $\neg \mathcal I$ 2 – 6 Assumption 2 has been discharged
8 $\paren {p \implies q} \implies \paren {\neg \paren {p \land \neg q} }$ Rule of Implication: $\implies \mathcal I$ 1 – 7 Assumption 1 has been discharged
9 9 $\neg \paren {p \land \neg q}$ Assumption (None)
10 10 $p$ Assumption (None)
11 11 $\neg q$ Assumption (None)
12 10, 11 $p \land \neg q$ Rule of Conjunction: $\land \mathcal I$ 10, 11
13 9, 10, 11 $\bot$ Principle of Non-Contradiction: $\neg \mathcal E$ 12, 9
14 9, 10 $q$ Reductio ad Absurdum 11 – 12 Assumption 11 has been discharged
15 9 $p \implies q$ Rule of Implication: $\implies \mathcal I$ 10 – 14 Assumption 10 has been discharged
16 $\paren {\neg \paren {p \land \neg q} } \implies \paren {p \implies q}$ Rule of Implication: $\implies \mathcal I$ 9 – 15 Assumption 9 has been discharged
17 $\paren {p \implies q} \iff \paren {\neg \paren {p \land \neg q} }$ Biconditional Introduction: $\iff \mathcal I$ 8, 16

$\blacksquare$

## Law of the Excluded Middle

This theorem depends on the Law of the Excluded Middle, by way of Reductio ad Absurdum.

This is one of the axioms of logic that was determined by Aristotle, and forms part of the backbone of classical (Aristotelian) logic.

However, the intuitionist school rejects the Law of the Excluded Middle as a valid logical axiom. This in turn invalidates this theorem from an intuitionistic perspective.

## Proof by Truth Table

We apply the Method of Truth Tables.

As can be seen by inspection, the truth values under the main connective is true for all boolean interpretations.

$\begin{array}{|ccc|c|ccccc|} \hline (p & \implies & q) & \iff & (\neg & (p & \land & \neg & q)) \\ \hline \F & \T & \F & \T & \T & \F & \F & \T & \F \\ \F & \T & \T & \T & \T & \F & \F & \F & \T \\ \T & \F & \F & \T & \F & \T & \T & \T & \F \\ \T & \T & \T & \T & \T & \T & \F & \F & \T \\ \hline \end{array}$

$\blacksquare$