Integral of Vertical Section of Measurable Function gives Measurable Function
Theorem
Let $\struct {X, \Sigma_X, \mu}$ and $\struct {Y, \Sigma_Y, \nu}$ be $\sigma$-finite measure spaces.
Let $f : X \times Y \to \overline \R_{\ge 0}$ be a positive $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$-measurable function, where $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$ is the product $\sigma$-algebra of $\Sigma_X$ and $\Sigma_Y$.
Define the function $g : X \to \overline \R$ by:
- $\ds \map g x = \int f_x \rd \nu$
where $f_x$ is the $x$-vertical section of $f$.
Then:
- $g$ is $\Sigma_X$-measurable.
Proof
First we prove the case of:
- $f = \chi_E$
where $E$ is a $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$-measurable set.
From Vertical Section of Characteristic Function is Characteristic Function of Vertical Section, we have:
- $f_x = \chi_{E_x}$
From Vertical Section of Measurable Function is Measurable, we also have:
- $f_x$ is $\Sigma_Y$-measurable.
Since $f \ge 0$, we may take $\nu$-integrals, giving:
\(\ds \int f_x \rd \nu\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \chi_{E_x} \rd \nu\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \map {\nu} {E_x}\) | Integral of Characteristic Function: Corollary |
so that:
- $\map g x = \map {\nu} {E_x}$ for each $x \in X$.
From Measure of Vertical Section of Measurable Set gives Measurable Function, we then have:
- $g$ is $\Sigma_X$-measurable
in the case that $f$ is a characteristic function.
Now consider the case of simple $f$.
Write the standard representation of $f$ as:
- $\ds f = \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \chi_{E_k}$
with:
- $E_1, E_2, \ldots, E_n$ pairwise disjoint $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$-measurable sets
- $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$ real numbers.
Then, we have, from Vertical Section of Simple Function is Simple Function:
- $f_x$ is a positive simple function
with:
- $\ds f_x = \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \chi_{\paren {E_k}^y}$
where:
- $\paren {E_1}_x, \paren {E_2}_x, \ldots, \paren {E_n}_x$ are pairwise disjoint $\Sigma_Y$-measurable sets
- $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$ non-negative real numbers.
From Simple Function is Measurable, we have:
From Vertical Section of Measurable Function is Measurable, we also have:
- $f_x$ is $\Sigma_Y$-measurable.
Since $f \ge 0$, we may take $\nu$-integrals, giving:
\(\ds \int f_x \rd \nu\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \paren {\sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \chi_{\paren {E_k}_x} } \rd \nu\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \int \paren {a_k \chi_{\paren {E_k}_x} } \rd \nu\) | Integral of Positive Measurable Function is Additive | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \paren {\int \chi_{\paren {E_k}_x} \rd \nu}\) | Integral of Positive Measurable Function is Positive Homogeneous | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \map {\nu} {\paren {E_k}_x}\) | Integral of Characteristic Function: Corollary |
giving:
- $\ds \map g x = \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n a_k \map {\nu} {\paren {E_k}_x}$
From Pointwise Sum of Measurable Functions is Measurable: General Result, we have:
- $g$ is $\Sigma_X$-measurable
in the case that $f$ is a simple function.
Now take a general positive $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$-measurable function $f$.
From Measurable Function is Pointwise Limit of Simple Functions:
- there exists a increasing sequence of positive simple functions $\sequence {f_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ such that $f_n \to f$ pointwise.
From Vertical Section preserves Increasing Sequences of Functions, we have:
- the sequence $\sequence {\paren {f_n}_x}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is increasing.
From Vertical Section preserves Pointwise Limits of Sequences of Functions, we have:
- $\ds f_x = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \paren {f_n}_x$
From the Monotone Convergence Theorem, we then have:
- $\ds \map g x = \int f_x \rd \nu = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \int \paren {f_n}_x \rd \nu$
For each $n \in \N$, define the function $g_n : X \to \overline \R$ by:
- $\ds \map {g_n} x = \int \paren {f_n}_x \rd \nu$
Since each $f_n$ is a positive simple function, we have that:
- $\ds \sequence {g_n}_{n \mathop \in \N}$ is a sequence of $\Sigma_X$-measurable functions.
So $g$ is the limit of a sequence of $\Sigma_X$-measurable functions.
Then, from Pointwise Limit of Measurable Functions is Measurable, we have:
- $g$ is $\Sigma_X$-measurable
for each positive $\Sigma_X \otimes \Sigma_Y$-measurable $f$.
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 2013: Donald L. Cohn: Measure Theory (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $5.2$: Fubini's Theorem: Proposition $5.2.1 \text{ (a)}$