# Lexicographic Order/Examples/Unit Square with Open Side

## Example of Lexicographic Order

Consider the lexicographic product of the real intervals $\hointr 0 1$ and $\closedint 0 1$ under the usual ordering:

$\struct {T, \preccurlyeq_l} := \struct {\hointr 0 1, \le} \otimes^l \struct {\closedint 0 1, \le}$

$\struct {T, \preccurlyeq_l}$ has one minimal element:

$\tuple {0, 0}$

which is also the smallest element: of $\struct {T, \preccurlyeq_l}$.

$\struct {T, \preccurlyeq_l}$ has no greatest element and no maximal elements.

## Proof

Recall the definition of the lexicographic order:

$\tuple {a, b} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {c, d} \iff \tuple {a \prec_1 b} \lor \paren {a = b \land c \preccurlyeq_2 d}$

Let $\tuple {a, b} \in T$ be a minimal element of $T$.

$\forall \tuple {x, y} \in T: \tuple {x, y} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {a, b} \implies \tuple {x, y} = \tuple {a, b}$

Suppose $a \ne 0$.

Then:

$\tuple {0, b} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {a, b}$ but $\tuple {0, b} \ne \tuple {a, b}$

Similarly, suppose $b \ne 0$.

Then:

$\tuple {a, 0} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {a, b}$ but $\tuple {a, 0} \ne \tuple {a, b}$

Hence if $\tuple {a, b}$ is a minimal element of $T$ it follows that:

$\tuple {a, b} = \tuple {0, 0}$

$\Box$

Next we note that:

$\forall \tuple {c, d} \in T: 0 \le c, 0 \le d$

and so:

$\forall \tuple {c, d} \in T: \tuple {0, 0} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {c, d}$

Hence by definition $\tuple {0, 0}$ is a smallest element of $T$.

By Smallest Element is Unique, $\tuple {0, 0}$ is then the smallest element of $T$.

$\Box$

Aiming for a contradiction, suppose $T$ has a maximal element $\tuple {u, v}$.

Then we have:

$\tuple {u, v} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {x, y} \implies \tuple {u, v} = \tuple {x, y}$

and in particular:

$\tuple {u, v} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {x, v} \implies \tuple {u, v} = \tuple {x, v}$

That is:

$u \le x \implies u = x$

But we have that:

$u \in \hointr 0 1$

and so:

$u < 1$

So take:

$x = \dfrac u 1 + \dfrac 1 1 = \dfrac {u + 1} 2$

Hence from Mediant is Between:

$u < x$

and so it is not the case that $u \le x \implies u = x$.

Hence it is not the case that:

$\tuple {u, v} \preccurlyeq_l \tuple {x, y} \implies \tuple {u, v} = \tuple {x, y}$

and so $\tuple {u, v}$ is not a maximal element of $T$.

So by Proof by Contradiction it follows that there is no maximal element of $T$.

$\Box$

Aiming for a contradiction, suppose $\tuple {u, v}$ is a greatest element of $T$.

From Greatest Element is Maximal, $\tuple {u, v}$ would have to be a maximal element of $T$.

But from above $T$ has no maximal element.

Hence by Proof by Contradiction it follows that there is no greatest element of $T$.

$\Box$

Hence the result.

$\blacksquare$