# Non-Forking Types have Non-Forking Completions

## Theorem

Let $T$ be a complete $\mathcal L$-theory.

Let $\mathfrak C$ be a monster model for $T$.

Let $A\subseteq B$ be subsets of the universe of $\mathfrak C$.

Let $\pi(\bar x)$ be an $n$-type over $B$.

If $\pi$ does not fork over $A$, then there is a complete $n$-type $p$ over $B$ such that $\pi \subseteq p$ and $p$ does not fork over $A$.

## Proof

Suppose $\pi$ does not fork over $A$.

We will use Zorn's Lemma to find a candidate for the needed complete type.

Consider the collection $\Pi$ of all non-forking sets $\pi'$ of $\mathcal L$-formulas with parameters from $B$ such that $\pi'$ contains $\pi$.

Order $\Pi$ by subset inclusion.

Since a set forks iff a finite subset forks, the union over any chain is still a non-forking set, and hence is an upper bound for the chain.

Thus, by Zorn's Lemma, there is a maximal (with respect to subset inclusion) $p$ in $\Pi$.

Suppose $p$ is not complete.

By definition, for some $\phi(\bar x, \bar b)$, $p$ contains neither $\phi(\bar x, \bar b)$ nor $\neg\phi(\bar x, \bar b)$.
Since $p$ is non-forking, by Formula and its Negation Cannot Both Cause Forking, at least one of $p\cup\phi(\bar x, \bar b)$ or $p\cup\neg\phi(\bar x, \bar b)$ is non-forking as well.
Hence $p$ is not maximal in $\Pi$, contradicting the choice of $p$.

Thus $p$ is complete.

$\blacksquare$

## Axiom of Choice

This theorem depends on the Axiom of Choice, by way of Zorn's Lemma.

Because of some of its bewilderingly paradoxical implications, the Axiom of Choice is considered in some mathematical circles to be controversial.

Most mathematicians are convinced of its truth and insist that it should nowadays be generally accepted.

However, others consider its implications so counter-intuitive and nonsensical that they adopt the philosophical position that it cannot be true.