Pi as Sum of Sequence of Reciprocal of Product of Three Consecutive Integers

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Theorem

$\dfrac {\pi - 3} 4 = \dfrac 1 {2 \times 3 \times 4} - \dfrac 1 {4 \times 5 \times 6} + \dfrac 1 {6 \times 7 \times 8} \cdots$


Proof

Let $f: \R \to \R$ be the real function defined as:

$\forall x \in \R: \map f x = x^1 - x^3 + x^5 - x^7 + x^9 - x^{11} + x^{13} - x^{15} \cdots$


We have:

\(\ds \map f x\) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {-1}^n x^{2 n + 1}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds x \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {-1}^n x^{2 n}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac x {x^2 + 1}\) Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence


Integrating $3$ times will give us the desired series.

\(\ds \map {F''} x\) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \dfrac {\paren {-1}^n x^{2 n + 4} } {\paren {2 n + 2} \paren {2 n + 3} \paren {2 n + 4} }\) Repeated use of Integral of Power


Lemma

$\displaystyle \iiint \dfrac x {x^2 + 1} \rd x \rd x \rd x = x \map \arctan x + \dfrac {\paren {x^2 - 1} \map \ln {x^2 + 1} - 3 x^2} 4$

with all integration constants at $0$.


$\Box$


Substitute $x = 1$:

\(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \dfrac {\paren {-1}^n} {\paren {2 n + 2} \paren {2 n + 3} \paren {2 n + 4} }\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren 1 \map \arctan 1 + \dfrac {\paren {1^2 - 1} \map \ln {1^2 + 1} - 3 \paren 1^2} 4\)
\(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \dfrac {\paren {-1}^{n + 1} } {\paren {2 n} \paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n + 2} }\) \(=\) \(\ds \map \arctan 1 - \dfrac 3 4\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac {\pi - 3} 4\)

$\blacksquare$


Sources

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