Primitive of Reciprocal of x by Root of a x squared plus b x plus c/Proof 2
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Theorem
Let $a, b, c \in \R_{\ne 0}$.
Then for $x \in \R$ such that $a x^2 + b x + c > 0$ and $x \ne 0$:
- $\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } = \begin {cases}
\dfrac {-1} {\sqrt c} \dfrac {\size x} x \ln \size {\dfrac {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} x} + C & : c > 0, b^2 - 4 a c > 0 \\ \dfrac {-1} {\sqrt c} \map {\sinh^{-1} } {\dfrac {b x + 2 c} {\size x \sqrt {4 a c - b^2} } } + C & : c > 0, b^2 - 4 a c < 0 \\ \dfrac {-1} {\sqrt c} \dfrac {\size x} x \ln \size {\dfrac {2 c} x + b} + C & : c > 0, b^2 - 4 a c = 0 \\ \dfrac 1 {\sqrt {-c} } \map \arcsin {\dfrac {b x + 2 c} {\size x \sqrt {\size {b^2 - 4 a c} } } } & : c < 0, b^2 - 4 a c \ne 0 \\ \end {cases}$
Proof
\(\ds x \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac x {\paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} }\) | |||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac{x \paren {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} } {\paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} \paren {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} }\) | |||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac{x \paren {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} } {2 \sqrt c + \paren {b x + 2 c} \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} }\) | |||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac N D\) | |||||||||||||
where: | |||||||||||||||
\(\ds N\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} x\) | |||||||||||||
\(\ds D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {2 \sqrt c + \paren {b x + 2 c} \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} } {x^2}\) |
Then:
\(\ds \frac {\d N} {\d x}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {x \paren {\sqrt c \paren {2 a x + b} \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} + b} - \paren {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} } {x^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} \frac {\paren {\sqrt c \paren {2 a x^2 + b x} + b x \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } - \paren {2 \sqrt c \paren {a x^2 + b x + c} + \paren {b x + 2 c} \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } } {x^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} \frac {\paren {\sqrt c \paren {2 a x^2 + b x - 2 a x^2 - 2 b x - 2 c} + b x \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } - \paren {\paren {b x + 2 c} \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } } {x^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} \frac {\paren {\sqrt c \paren {-b x - 2 c} - \paren {\paren {2 c} \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} } } } {x^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac {2 c + \sqrt c \paren {b x + 2 c} \paren {a x^2 + b x + c}^{-\frac 1 2} } {x^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sqrt c \times D\) |
Now provided $N$ is real and non zero:
\(\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} }\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \frac D N \rd x\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {\sqrt c} \int \frac {\frac {\d N} {\d x} } N \rd x\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {\sqrt c} \ln \size N\) | Primitive of Function under its Derivative | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {\sqrt c} \ln \size {\frac {\paren {2 \sqrt c \sqrt {a x^2 + b x + c} + b x + 2 c} } x}\) |
This needs considerable tedious hard slog to complete it. In particular: Still to be tidied, still have the $\sinh^{-1}$ case to do To discuss this page in more detail, feel free to use the talk page. When this work has been completed, you may remove this instance of {{Finish}} from the code.If you would welcome a second opinion as to whether your work is correct, add a call to {{Proofread}} the page. |
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