Primitive of Reciprocal of x cubed by x fourth minus a fourth
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Theorem
- $\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} } = \frac 1 {2 a^4 x^2} + \frac 1 {4 a^6} \ln \size {\frac {x^2 - a^2} {x^2 + a^2} } + C$
Proof
\(\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} }\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \frac {a^4 \rd x} {a^4 x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} }\) | multiplying top and bottom by $a^4$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \frac {\paren {x^4 + a^4 - x^4} \rd x} {a^4 x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \frac {\paren {x^4 - \paren {x^4 - a^4} } \rd x} {a^4 x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {a^4} \int \frac {\paren {x^4 - a^4} \rd x} {x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} } + \frac 1 {a^4} \int \frac {x^4 \rd x} {x^3 \paren {x^4 - a^4} }\) | Linear Combination of Primitives | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {a^4} \int \frac {\d x} {x^3} + \frac 1 {a^4} \int \frac {x \rd x} {x^4 - a^4}\) | simplifying | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {a^4} \paren {\frac {-1} {2 x} } + \frac 1 {a^4} \int \frac {x \rd x} {x^4 - a^4}\) | Primitive of Power | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^4 x^2} + \frac 1 {a^4} \paren {\frac 1 {4 a^2} \ln \size {\frac {x^2 - a^2} {x^2 + a^2} } } + C\) | Primitive of $\dfrac x {x^4 - a^4}$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^4 x^2} + \frac 1 {4 a^6} \ln \size {\frac {x^2 - a^2} {x^2 + a^2} } + C\) | simplifying |
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1968: Murray R. Spiegel: Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 14$: Integrals involving $x^4 \pm a^4$: $14.324$