Primitive of Reciprocal of x squared minus a squared/Logarithm Form

Theorem

Let $a \in \R_{>0}$ be a strictly positive real constant.

Let $x \in \R$ such that $\size x \ne a$.

$1$st Logarithm Form

$\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^2 - a^2} = \begin {cases} \dfrac 1 {2 a} \map \ln {\dfrac {a - x} {a + x} } + C & : \size x < a\\

& \\ \dfrac 1 {2 a} \map \ln {\dfrac {x - a} {x + a} } + C & : \size x > a \\ & \\ \text {undefined} & : \size x = a \end {cases}$

$2$nd Logarithm Form

$\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^2 - a^2} = \frac 1 {2 a} \ln \size {\frac {x - a} {x + a} } + C$