Definite Integral from 0 to Half Pi of Odd Power of Sine x

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Theorem

\(\ds \int_0^{\frac \pi 2} \sin^{2 n + 1} x \rd x\) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac {\paren {2^n n!}^2} {\paren {2 n + 1}!}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac {2 \cdot 4 \cdot 6 \cdots 2 n} {3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdots \paren {2 n + 1} }\)

for $n \in \Z_{>0}$.


Proof 1


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Let $I_n = \ds \int_0^{\frac \pi 2} \sin^n x \rd x$.


Then:

\(\ds I_{2 n + 1}\) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n} {2 n + 1} I_{2 n - 1}\) Reduction Formula for Definite Integral of Power of Sine
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} } {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} } I_{2 n - 3}\) Reduction Formula for Definite Integral of Power of Sine again
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} \dotsm 2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} \dotsm 3} I_1\) Reduction Formula for Definite Integral of Power of Sine until the end
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} \dotsm 2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} \dotsm 3} \int_0^{\pi / 2} \sin x \rd x\) Definition of $I_n$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} \dotsm 2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} \dotsm 3} \bigintlimits {-\cos x} 0 {\pi / 2}\) Primitive of Sine Function
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} \dotsm 2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} \dotsm 3} \paren {0 - \paren {-1} }\) Cosine of Right Angle and Cosine of Zero is One
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {2 n \paren {2 n - 2} \dotsm 2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n - 1} \dotsm 3}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {\paren {2 n}^2 \paren {2 n - 2}^2 \dotsm 2^2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n} \paren {2 n - 1} \paren {2 n - 2} \paren {2 n - 3} \dotsm 3 \cdot 2}\) multiplying top and bottom by top
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {\paren {2 n}^2 n^2 \paren {n - 1}^2 \dotsm 1^2} {\paren {2 n + 1} \paren {2 n} \paren {2 n - 1} \paren {2 n - 2} \paren {2 n - 3} \dotsm 3 \cdot 2}\) extracting factor of $\paren {2^n}^2$ from the top
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {\paren {2^n n!}^2} {\paren {2 n + 1}!}\) Definition of Factorial

$\blacksquare$


Proof 2

\(\ds \int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^{2 n + 1} x \rd x\) \(=\) \(\ds \int_0^{\pi/2} \paren {\sin x}^{2 \paren {n + 1} - 1} \paren {\cos x}^{2 \paren {\frac 1 2} - 1} \rd x\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 2 \map \Beta {n + 1, \frac 1 2}\) Definition 2 of Beta Function
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {\map \Gamma {n + 1} \map \Gamma {\frac 1 2} } {2 \map \Gamma {n + \frac 3 2} }\) Definition 3 of Beta Function
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {n! \sqrt \pi} {2 \paren {n + \frac 1 2} \map \Gamma {n + \frac 1 2} }\) Gamma Function Extends Factorial, Gamma Function of One Half, Gamma Difference Equation
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {n! \sqrt \pi} {2 n + 1} \times \frac {2^{2 n} n!} {\paren {2 n!} \sqrt \pi}\) Gamma Function of Positive Half-Integer
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {\paren {2^n n!}^2 } {\paren {2 n + 1}!}\)

$\blacksquare$


Also see


Sources

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