Relative Matrix of Composition of Linear Transformations

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Theorem

Let $R$ be a ring with unity.

Let $M, N, P$ be free $R$-modules of finite dimension $m, n, p > 0$ respectively.

Let $\AA, \BB, \CC$ be ordered bases of $M, N, P$.

Let $f: M \to N$ and $g : N \to P$ be linear transformations, and $g \circ f$ be their composition.

Let $\mathbf M_{f, \BB, \AA}$ and $\mathbf M_{g, \CC, \BB}$ be their matrices relative to $\AA, \BB$ and $\BB, \CC$ respectively.


Then the matrix of $g \circ f$ relative to $\AA$ and $\CC$ is:

$\mathbf M_{g \mathop \circ f, \CC, \AA} = \mathbf M_{g, \CC, \BB} \cdot \mathbf M_{f, \BB, \AA}$


Proof 1

Let $m \in M$, and $\sqbrk m_\AA$ be its coordinate vector with respect to $\AA$.


On the one hand:

\(\ds \sqbrk {\map g {\map f m} }_\CC\) \(=\) \(\ds \mathbf M_{g \mathop \circ f, \CC, \AA} \cdot \sqbrk m_\AA\) Change of Coordinate Vectors Under Linear Mapping applied to $g \circ f$


On the other hand:

\(\ds \sqbrk {\map g {\map f m} }_\CC\) \(=\) \(\ds \mathbf M_{g, \CC, \BB} \cdot \sqbrk {\map f m}_\BB\) Change of Coordinate Vectors Under Linear Mapping applied to $g$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \mathbf M_{g, \CC, \BB} \cdot \mathbf M_{f, \BB, \AA} \cdot \sqbrk m_\AA\) Change of Coordinate Vectors Under Linear Mapping applied to $f$


Thus:

$\forall m \in M: \paren {\mathbf M_{g \mathop \circ f, \CC, \AA} - \mathbf M_{g, \CC, \BB} \cdot \mathbf M_{f, \BB, \AA} } \cdot \sqbrk m_\AA = 0$

The result follows.



$\blacksquare$


Proof 2

Let:

$\AA = \sequence {a_m}$
$\BB = \sequence {b_n}$
$\CC = \sequence {c_p}$


Let:

$\sqbrk \alpha_{m n} = \sqbrk {f; \sequence {b_n}, \sequence {a_m} }$

and:

$\sqbrk \beta_{n p} = \sqbrk {g; \sequence {c_p}, \sequence {b_n} }$


Then:

\(\ds \map {\paren {g \circ f} } {a_j}\) \(=\) \(\ds \map v {\map f {a_j} }\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map v {\sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \alpha_{k j} b_k}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \alpha_{k j} \map v {b_k}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \alpha_{k j} \paren {\sum_{i \mathop = 1}^p \beta_{i k} c_i}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \paren {\sum_{i \mathop = 1}^p \alpha_{k j} \beta_{i k} c_i}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^p \paren {\sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \alpha_{k j} \beta_{i k} c_i}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^p \paren {\sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \alpha_{k j} \beta_{i k} } c_i\)

$\blacksquare$


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