# Riemann Zeta Function of 6

## Theorem

The Riemann zeta function of $6$ is given by:

 $\displaystyle \map \zeta 6$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac 1 {1^6} + \dfrac 1 {2^6} + \dfrac 1 {3^6} + \dfrac 1 {4^6} + \cdots$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {\pi^6} {945}$ $\displaystyle$ $\approx$ $\displaystyle 1 \cdotp 01734 \, 3 \ldots$

## Proof 1

By Fourier Series: $x^6$ over $-\pi$ to $\pi$, for $x \in \closedint {-\pi} \pi$:

$\displaystyle x^6 = \frac {\pi^6} 7 + \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {12 n^4 \pi^4 - 240 n^2 \pi^2 +1440} {n^6} \, \map \cos {n \pi} \, \map \cos {n x}$

Setting $x = \pi$:

 $\displaystyle \pi^6$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {\pi^6} 7 + \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {12 n^4 \pi^4 - 240 n^2 \pi^2 +1440} {n^6} \, \map {\cos^2} {n \pi}$ $\displaystyle \leadsto \ \$ $\displaystyle \frac { 6 \pi^6} 7$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {12 \pi^4} {n^2} - \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {240 \pi^2} {n^4} + \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {1440} {n^6}$ Cosine of Multiple of Pi $\displaystyle \leadsto \ \$ $\displaystyle \frac {\pi^6} 7$ $=$ $\displaystyle 2 \pi^4 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^2} - 40 \pi^2 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^4} + 240 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^6}$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle - \frac {\pi^6} 9 + 240 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^6}$ Basel Problem and Riemann Zeta Function of 4 $\displaystyle \leadsto \ \$ $\displaystyle 240 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^6}$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {\pi^6} 9 + \frac {\pi^6} 7$ rearranging $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {16 \pi^4} {63}$ $\displaystyle \leadsto \ \$ $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^6}$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {\pi^6} {945}$

$\blacksquare$

## Proof 2

 $\displaystyle \sin x$ $=$ $\displaystyle x \prod_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {n^2 \pi^2} }$ Euler Formula for Sine Function $\displaystyle \displaystyle \dfrac {\sin x} x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \prod_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {n^2 \pi^2} } = \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {1^2 \pi^2} } \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {2^2 \pi^2} } \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {3^2 \pi^2} } \cdots$

 $\displaystyle \sin x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {-1}^n \dfrac {x^{2 n + 1} } {\paren {2 n + 1}!} = x - \dfrac {x^3} {3!} + \dfrac {x^5} {5!} - \dfrac {x^7} {7!} + \cdots$ Power Series Expansion for Sine Function $\displaystyle \displaystyle \dfrac {\sin x} x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {-1}^n \dfrac {x^{2 n} } {\paren {2 n + 1}!} = 1 - \dfrac {x^2} {3!} + \dfrac {x^4} {5!} - \dfrac {x^6} {7!} + \cdots$

Equating the product with the sum:

 $\displaystyle \displaystyle \dfrac {\sin x} x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \prod_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {n^2 \pi^2} }$ $\displaystyle = \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {-1}^n \frac {x^{2 n} } {\paren {2 n + 1}!}$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {1 \pi^2} } x \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {4 \pi^2} } x \paren {1 - \dfrac {x^2} {9 \pi^2} } x \cdots$ $\displaystyle = 1 - \dfrac {x^2} {3!} + \dfrac {x^4} {5!} - \dfrac {x^6} {7!} + \cdots$

Each squared term in the product selected once:

 $\displaystyle \displaystyle -\dfrac {x^2} {3!}$ $=$ $\displaystyle -\dfrac {x^2} {\pi^2} \paren {1 + \dfrac 1 4 + \dfrac 1 9 + \dfrac 1 {16} + \cdots}$ Term raised to the second power used to calculate the Riemann Zeta Function of $2$

Each unique combination of two squared terms in the product selected:

$\dfrac {x^4} {5!} = \dfrac {x^4} { \pi^4} \paren {\paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 4} + \paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 9} + \paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 {16}} + \cdots + \paren {\dfrac 1 4} \paren {\dfrac 1 9} + \paren {\dfrac 1 4} \paren {\dfrac 1 {16}} + \cdots + \paren {\dfrac 1 9} \paren {\dfrac 1 {16} } }$ Term raised to the fourth power used to calculate Riemann Zeta Function of $4$

Each unique combination of three squared terms in the product selected:

$-\dfrac {x^6} {7!} = -\dfrac {x^6} {\pi^6} \paren {\paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 4} \paren {\dfrac 1 9} + \paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 4} \paren {\dfrac 1 {16} } + \cdots + \paren 1 \paren {\dfrac 1 9} \paren {\dfrac 1 {16} } + \cdots + \paren {\dfrac 1 4} \paren {\dfrac 1 9} \paren {\dfrac 1 {16} } + \cdots}$ Term raised to the sixth used power to calculate Riemann Zeta Function of $6$

 $\displaystyle \map \zeta 2$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac 1 {1^2} + \dfrac 1 {2^2} + \dfrac 1 {3^2} + \dfrac 1 {4^2} + \cdots$ $\displaystyle = \dfrac {\pi^2} 6$ Basel Problem $\displaystyle \paren {\map \zeta 2}^3$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {\dfrac 1 {1^2} + \dfrac 1 {2^2} + \dfrac 1 {3^2} + \dfrac 1 {4^2} + \cdots}^3$ $\displaystyle = \paren {\dfrac {\pi^2} 6}^3 = \dfrac {\pi^6} {216}$

When we take the cube of a sum, we have:

 $\displaystyle \paren {A + B + C + \cdots}^3$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {A^3 + B^3 + C^3 + \cdots} + 3 \paren {A^2 B + A B^2 + A^2 C + A C^2 + B^2 C + B C^2 + \cdots} + 6 \paren {A B C + \cdots}$

Let $A = \dfrac 1 {1^2}, B = \dfrac 1 {2^2}, C = \dfrac 1 {3^2}, \cdots$

Then the left hand side becomes:

$\paren {\paren {\dfrac 1 {1^2} } + \paren {\dfrac 1 {2^2} } + \paren {\dfrac 1 {3^2} } + \cdots}^3 = \paren {\map \zeta 2}^3$

and the first term on the right hand side becomes:

$\paren {\paren {\dfrac 1 {1^2} }^3 + \paren {\dfrac 1 {2^2} }^3 + \paren {\dfrac 1 {3^2} }^3 + \cdots} = \map \zeta 6$

To make sense of the remaining two terms on the right hand side, we need:

$\paren {AB + AC + BC + \cdots} = \dfrac {\pi^4} {5!}$
$\paren {A + B + C + \cdots} = \dfrac {\pi^2} {3!}$
 $\displaystyle \paren {AB + AC + BC + \cdots} \paren {A + B + C + \cdots}$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {A^2B + AB^2 + A^2C + AC^2 + B^2C + BC^2 + \cdots} + 3\paren {ABC + \cdots}$ $\displaystyle 3 \paren {AB + AC + BC + \cdots} \paren {A + B + C + \cdots}$ $=$ $\displaystyle 3 \paren {A^2B + AB^2 + A^2C + AC^2 + B^2C + BC^2 + \cdots} + 9 \paren {ABC + \cdots}$ We have 3 too many of the 'ABC' type (only need 6) - need to subtract 3 of these

Finally, we have:

 $\displaystyle \paren {\map \zeta 2}^3$ $=$ $\displaystyle \map \zeta 6 + 3 \dfrac {\pi^2} {3!} \dfrac {\pi^4} {5!} - 3 \dfrac {\pi^6} {7!}$ $\displaystyle \leadsto \ \$ $\displaystyle \map \zeta 6$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {\map \zeta 2}^3 - 3 \dfrac {\pi^2} {3!} \dfrac {\pi^4} {5!} + 3 \dfrac {\pi^6} {7!}$ rearranging $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {\pi^6} {216} - 21 \dfrac {\pi^6} {7!} + 3 \dfrac {\pi^6} {7!}$ simplifying $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle 70 \dfrac {\pi^6} {3 x 7!} - 54 \dfrac {\pi^6} {3 x 7!}$ simplifying $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle 16 \dfrac {\pi^6} {3 x 7!}$ simplifying $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {\pi^6} {945}$

$\blacksquare$

## Proof 3

 $\displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^{\infty} \frac 1 {n^6}$ $=$ $\displaystyle \map \zeta 6$ Definition of Riemann Zeta Function $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {-1}^4 \frac {B_6 2^5 \pi^6} {6!}$ Riemann Zeta Function at Even Integers $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac 1 {42} \cdot \frac {2^5 \pi^6} {6!}$ Definition of Sequence of Bernoulli Numbers $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {32 \pi^6} {42 \cdot 720}$ Definition of Factorial $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {\pi^6} {945}$

$\blacksquare$

## Historical Note

The Riemann Zeta Function of 6 was solved by Leonhard Euler, using the same technique as for the Riemann Zeta Function of 4 and the Basel Problem.

If only my brother were alive now.
-- Johann Bernoulli