# Rule of Material Implication/Formulation 1/Forward Implication

## Theorem

$p \implies q \vdash \neg p \lor q$

## Proof

By the tableau method of natural deduction:

$p \implies q \vdash \neg p \lor q$
Line Pool Formula Rule Depends upon Notes
1 1 $p \implies q$ Premise (None)
2 $p \lor \neg p$ Law of Excluded Middle (None)
3 3 $\neg p$ Assumption (None)
4 3 $\neg p \lor q$ Rule of Addition: $\lor \mathcal I_1$ 3
5 5 $p$ Assumption (None)
6 1, 5 $q$ Modus Ponendo Ponens: $\implies \mathcal E$ 1, 5
7 1, 5 $\neg p \lor q$ Rule of Addition: $\lor \mathcal I_2$ 6
8 1 $\neg p \lor q$ Proof by Cases: $\text{PBC}$ 2, 3 – 4, 5 – 7 Assumptions 3 and 5 have been discharged

$\blacksquare$

## Law of the Excluded Middle

This theorem depends on the Law of the Excluded Middle.

This is one of the axioms of logic that was determined by Aristotle, and forms part of the backbone of classical (Aristotelian) logic.

However, the intuitionist school rejects the Law of the Excluded Middle as a valid logical axiom. This in turn invalidates this theorem from an intuitionistic perspective.