Side of Area Contained by Rational Straight Line and Fifth Apotome

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Theorem

In the words of Euclid:

If an area be contained by a rational straight line and a fifth apotome, the "side" of the area is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.

(The Elements: Book $\text{X}$: Proposition $95$)


Proof

Euclid-X-93.png

Let the area $AB$ be contained by the rational straight line $AC$ and the fifth apotome $AD$.

It is to be proved that the "side" of $AB$ is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.


Let $DG$ be the annex of the fifth apotome $AD$.

Then, by definition:

$AG$ and $GD$ are rational straight lines which are commensurable in square only
the annex $GD$ is commensurable with the rational straight line $AC$
the square on the whole $AG$ is greater than the square on the annex $GD$ by the square on a straight line which is incommensurable in length with $AG$.


Let there be applied to $AG$ a parallelogram equal to the fourth part of the square on $GD$ and deficient by a square figure.

From Proposition $18$ of Book $\text{X} $: Condition for Incommensurability of Roots of Quadratic Equation:

that parallelogram divides $AG$ into incommensurable parts.

Let $DG$ be bisected at $E$.

Let the rectangle contained by $AF$ and $FG$ be applied to $AG$ which is equal to the square on $EG$ and deficient by a square figure.

Therefore $AF$ is incommensurable with $FG$.


We have that $AG$ commensurable in length with $AC$, and both are rational.

Therefore from Proposition $21$ of Book $\text{X} $: Medial is Irrational:

the rectangle $AK$ is medial.

We have that $DG$ isincommensurable in length with $AC$, while both are rational.

Therefore from Proposition $21$ of Book $\text{X} $: Medial is Irrational:

the rectangles $DK$ is medial.


Let the square $LM$ be constructed equal to $AI$.

Let the square $NO$ be subtracted from $LM$ having the common angle $\angle LPM$ equal to $FK$.

Therefore from Proposition $26$ of Book $\text{VI} $: Parallelogram Similar and in Same Angle has Same Diameter:

the squares $LM$ and $NO$ are about the same diameter.

Let $PR$ be the diameter of $LM$ and $NO$.


It is to be shown that $LN$ is the "side" of the area $AB$.

We have that $AK$ is medial and equals $LP^2 + PN^2$.

Therefore $LP^2 + PN^2$ is medial.

We have that the rectangle $DK$ is rational.

But $DK$ equals twice the rectangle contained by $LP$ and $PN$.

Therefore twice the rectangle contained by $LP$ and $PN$ is rational.

We have that $AI$ is incommensurable with $FK$.

Therefore $LP^2$ is incommensurable with $PN^2$.

Therefore $LP$ and $PN$ are straight lines which are incommensurable in square such that $LP^2 + PN^2$ is medial and such that $2 \cdot LP \cdot PN$ is rational.

Therefore by definition $LN$ is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.

But $LN$ is the "side" of the area $AB$.

Hence the result.

$\blacksquare$


Historical Note

This proof is Proposition $95$ of Book $\text{X}$ of Euclid's The Elements.
It is the converse of Proposition $101$: Square on Straight Line which produces Medial Whole with Rational Area applied to Rational Straight Line.


Sources