# Vandermonde Matrix Identity for Cauchy Matrix/Examples

## Examples of Use of Vandermonde Matrix Identity for Cauchy Matrix

### $3 \times 3$ Matrix

Illustrate $3\times 3$ case for Vandermonde Matrix Identity for Cauchy Matrix and Value of Cauchy Determinant:

 $\displaystyle C$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {\begin{smallmatrix} \dfrac 1 {x_1 - y_1} & \dfrac 1 {x_1 - y_2} & \dfrac 1 {x_1 - y_3} \\ \dfrac 1 {x_2 - y_1} & \dfrac 1 {x_2 - y_2} & \dfrac 1 {x_2 - y_3} \\ \dfrac 1 {x_3 - y_1} & \dfrac 1 {x_3 - y_2} & \dfrac 1 {x_3 - y_3} \\ \end{smallmatrix} }$ Values $\set { x_1, x_2, x_3, y_1, y_2, y_3 }$ assumed distinct.

Then:

 $\displaystyle C$ $=$ $\displaystyle -P V_x^{-1} V_y Q^{-1}$ Vandermonde Matrix Identity for Cauchy Matrix $\displaystyle \det \paren C$ $=$ $\displaystyle (-1)^3 \dfrac { \paren { x_{3} - x_{1} } \paren { x_{3} - x_{2} } \paren { x_{2} - x_{1} } \quad \paren { y_{3} - y_{1} } \paren { y_{3} - y_{2} } \paren { y_{2} - y_{1} } }{ \paren { x_{1} - y_{1} } \paren { x_{1} - y_{2} } \paren { x_{1} - y_{3} } \quad \paren { x_{2} - y_{1} } \paren { x_{2} - y_{2} } \paren { x_{2} - y_{3} } \quad \paren { x_{3} - y_{1} } \paren { x_{3} - y_{2} } \paren { x_{3} - y_{3} } }$ Determinant Product Theorem

### $n \times n$ Matrix

The methods of the $3\times 3$ example apply unchanged for the general $n \times n$ Cauchy matrix:

Assume values $\left\{ x_1,\ldots,x_n,y_1,\ldots,y_n\right\}$ are distinct. Then:

$\det \paren {\begin{smallmatrix} \frac {1} {x_1 - y_1} & \frac {1} {x_1 - y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_1 - y_n} \\ \frac {1} {x_2 - y_1} & \frac 1 {x_2 - y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_2 - y_n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\ \frac {1} {x_n - y_1} & \frac {1} {x_n - y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_n - y_n} \\ \end{smallmatrix} } = (-1)^n \dfrac {\prod_{1 \mathop \le j < i \mathop \le n} \paren {x_i - x_j} \quad \prod_{1 \mathop \le j \mathop < i \mathop \le n} \paren {y_i - y_j} } {\prod_{i \mathop = 1}^n \prod_{j \mathop = 1}^n \paren {x_i - y_j} }$ Value of Cauchy Determinant

Assume values $\left\{ x_1,\ldots,x_n,-y_1,\ldots,-y_n\right\}$ are distinct, then replace in the preceding equation $y_i$ by $-y_i$, $1\le i \le n$:

$\det \paren {\begin{smallmatrix} \frac {1} {x_1 + y_1} & \frac {1} {x_1 + y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_1 + y_n} \\ \frac {1} {x_2 + y_1} & \frac 1 {x_2 + y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_2 + y_n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\ \frac {1} {x_n + y_1} & \frac {1} {x_n + y_2} & \cdots & \frac {1} {x_n + y_n} \\ \end{smallmatrix} } = (-1)^n \dfrac {\prod_{1 \mathop \le j \mathop < i \mathop \le n} \paren {x_i - x_j} \quad \prod_{1 \mathop \le j \mathop < i \mathop \le n} \paren {y_j - y_i} } {\prod_{i \mathop = 1}^n \prod_{j \mathop = 1}^n \paren {x_i + y_j} }$ Value of Cauchy Determinant

$\blacksquare$