Reciprocal of Function of Bounded Variation Bounded away from Zero is of Bounded Variation
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Theorem
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Let $a, b$ be real numbers with $a < b$.
Let $f: \closedint a b \to \R$ be functions of bounded variation.
Let $f$ be bounded away from zero.
That is, there exists $M \in \R$ such that:
- $\size {\map f x} \ge M > 0$
for all $x \in \closedint a b$.
Let $\map {V_f} {\closedint a b}$ be the total variation of $f$ on $\closedint a b$.
Then:
- $\dfrac 1 f$ is of bounded variation
with:
- $\map {V_{1 / f} } {\closedint a b} \le \dfrac {\map {V_f} {\closedint a b} } {M^2}$
where $\map {V_{1 / f} } {\closedint a b}$ denotes the total variation of $\dfrac 1 f$ on $\closedint a b$.
Proof
For each finite subdivision $P$ of $\closedint a b$, write:
- $P = \set {x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_n }$
with:
- $a = x_0 < x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_{n - 1} < x_n = b$
Note that:
- $\dfrac 1 {\map f x} \le \dfrac 1 M$
for all $x \in \closedint a b$.
We then have:
\(\ds \map {V_{1 / f} } {P ; \closedint a b}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \size {\frac 1 {\map f {x_i} } - \frac 1 {\map f {x_{i - 1} } } }\) | using the notation from the definition of bounded variation | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \size {\frac {\map f {x_{i - 1} } - \map f {x_i} } {\map f {x_i} \map f {x_{i - 1} } } }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \frac {\size {\map f {x_i} - \map f {x_{i - 1} } } } {\size {\map f {x_i} \map f {x_{i - 1} } } }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(\le\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {M^2} \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^n \size {\map f {x_i} - \map f {x_{i - 1} } }\) | since $\size {\map f {x_i} \map f {x_{i - 1} } } \le M^2$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\map {V_f} {P ; \closedint a b} } {M^2}\) |
Since $f$ is of bounded variation, there exists $K \in \R$ such that:
- $\map {V_f} {P ; \closedint a b} \le K$
for every finite subdivision $P$.
Therefore:
- $\map {V_{1 / f} } {P ; \closedint a b} \le \dfrac K {M^2}$
So $\dfrac 1 f$ is of bounded variation.
We also have:
\(\ds \map {V_{1 / f} } {\closedint a b}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sup_P \paren {\map {V_{1 / f} } {P ; \closedint a b} }\) | Definition of Total Variation of Real Function on Closed Bounded Interval | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(\le\) | \(\ds \sup_P \paren {\frac {\map {V_f} {P ; \closedint a b} } {M^2} }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {M^2} \sup_P \paren {\map {V_f} {P ; \closedint a b} }\) | Multiple of Supremum | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\map {V_f} {\closedint a b} } {M^2}\) | Definition of Total Variation of Real Function on Closed Bounded Interval |
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1973: Tom M. Apostol: Mathematical Analysis (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 6.4$: Total Variation: Theorem $6.10$