Definition:Formal Semantics

Definition

Let $\mathcal L$ be a formal language.

A formal semantics for $\mathcal L$ comprises:

A collection of objects called structures;
A notion of validity of $\mathcal L$-WFFs in these structures.

Often, a formal semantics provides these by using a lot of auxiliary definitions.

Structure

Part of specifying a formal semantics $\mathscr M$ for $\LL$ is to specify structures $\MM$ for $\mathscr M$.

A structure can in principle be any object one can think of.

However, to get a useful formal semantics, the structures should support a meaningful definition of validity for the WFFs of $\LL$.

It is common that structures are sets, often endowed with a number of relations or functions.

Validity

Part of specifying a formal semantics $\mathscr M$ for $\LL$ is to define a notion of validity.

Concretely, a precise meaning needs to be assigned to the phrase:

"The $\LL$-WFF $\phi$ is valid in the $\mathscr M$-structure $\MM$."

It can be expressed symbolically as:

$\MM \models_{\mathscr M} \phi$

Examples

Boolean Interpretations

Let $\mathcal L_0$ be the language of propositional logic.

The boolean interpretations for $\mathcal L_0$ can be interpreted as a formal semantics for $\mathcal L_0$, which we denote by $\mathrm{BI}$.

The structures of $\mathrm{BI}$ are the boolean interpretations.

A WFF $\phi$ is declared ($\mathrm{BI}$-)valid in a boolean interpretation $v$ iff:

$v \left({\phi}\right) = T$

Symbolically, this can be expressed as:

$v \models_{\mathrm{BI}} \phi$

Although this article appears correct, it's inelegant. There has to be a better way of doing it.
Extension would be useful to fold the above (see Definition:Tautology/Formal Semantics). But maybe this section should just be a link to an examples category
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Constructed Semantics

Let $\mathcal L$ be a formal language.

A constructed semantics for $\mathcal L$ is a formal semantics which is invented solely for proving a property about $\mathcal L$ or other entities related to $\mathcal L$.

Also see

Definition:Model (Logic)

Definition:Proof System

Results about formal semantics can be found here.