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## Theorem

Let

$S = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \text{ and } T = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$.

Then $S$ and $T$ generate the special linear group of order 2 over $\Z$.

## Proof

Let

$g = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}$

be an element of $\text{SL}_2(\Z)$. Observe that

$T^n = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & n \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$

so that

$T^n g = \begin{pmatrix} a + nc & b + nd \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}$.

Also note that $S^2 = -I$ and:

$Sg = \begin{pmatrix} -c & -d \\ a & b \end{pmatrix}$.

We now describe an algorithm to reduce $g$ to the identity matrix only using multiplication by $S$ and $T$.

This will show that $g^{-1}$ can be written as a word in $S$ and $T$.

We can then take the inverse of this expression in $S$ and $T$ and it too will be a word in $S$ and $T$.

Recall $g = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}$.

If $c = 0$ then, since $\text{det}(g) = 1$, we must have $ad = 1$.

Thus $a = d = \pm 1$. In this case:

$g = \pm\begin{pmatrix} 1 & b' \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = \pm T^{b'}$

where $b' = \pm b$.

Since $S^2 = -I$ we either have $g = T^{b'}$ or $g = S^2T^{b'}$.

If $c \neq 0$ we proceed as follows.

Without loss of generality we may suppose $|a| \geq |c|$, for if $|a| < |c|$ we could apply $S$ to swap $a$ and $c$.

By the Division Algorithm, we can write $a = cq + r$ where $q,r \in \Z$ and $0 \leq r < |c|$.

Then $T^{-q}g$ has upper left entry $a - qc = r$ which is smaller than $|c|$.

Applying $S$ switches the rows (with a sign change), which then makes our lower left entry $-r$.

We've applied a combination of $S$ and $T$ to turn $g$ into a matrix where the absolute value of the lower left entry is strictly less than the one we started with.

If $r = 0$ then we're in our original case, and we know we can multiply by a multiple of $T$ and $S$ to get to the identity matrix.

Note that this process can have at most $r$ steps, since there are only $r$ natural numbers between $r$ and $0$.

Thus the process terminate in a finite number of steps.

## Theorem

Let $\forall$ and $\exists$ denote the universal quantifier and existential quantifier respectively.

Then:

$\forall x: P \left({x}\right) \dashv \vdash \neg \exists x: \neg P \left({x}\right)$
everything is if and only if there does not exist anything that is not.

## Proof

First, show $\forall x: P(x) \to \neg \exists x: \neg P(x)$ by contradiction.

(1) $\neg\left(\forall x: P(x) \to \neg \exists x: \neg P(x)\right)$ by assumption for RAA

(2) $\forall x: P(x) \wedge \exists x: \neg P(x)$ from 1 by negated implication

(3) $\forall x: P(x)$ from 2 by simplification

(4) $\exists x: \neg P(x)$ from 2 by simplification

(5) $\neg P(c)$ from 4 by existential instantiation

(6) $P(c)$ from 3 by universal instantiation

(7) $\forall x: P(x) \to \neg \exists x: \neg P(x)$ from 1 by RAA on 5 and 6

Therefore, if everything is $P$, then there does not exist anything which is not $P$.

Next, show $\neg \exists x \neg P \left({x}\right) \to \forall x: P(x)$ by magic...?