# Abel's Lemma/Formulation 2/Proof 2

## Lemma

Let $\displaystyle A_n = \sum_{i \mathop = m}^n {a_i}$ be the partial sum of $\sequence a$ from $m$ to $n$.

Then:

$\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_k b_k = \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} A_k \paren {b_k - b_{k + 1} } + A_n b_n$

## Proof

First note that:

$\displaystyle A_{m - 1} = \sum_{i \mathop = m}^{m - 1} a_i = 0$

is a vacuous summation, as the upper index is smaller than the lower index.

Then we have:

 $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_k b_k$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n \left({A_k - A_{k - 1} }\right) b_k$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n A_k b_k - \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n A_{k - 1} b_k$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n A_k b_k - \sum_{k \mathop = m-1}^{n - 1} A_k b_{k + 1}$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} A_k \left({b_k - b_{k + 1} }\right) + A_n b_n - A_{m - 1} b_m$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} A_k \left({b_k - b_{k + 1} }\right) + A_n b_n - 0$

Therefore:

$\displaystyle \forall n \ge m: \sum_{k \mathop = m}^n a_k b_k = \sum_{k \mathop = m}^{n - 1} A_k \left({b_k - b_{k + 1} }\right) + A_n b_n$

$\blacksquare$

## Source of Name

This entry was named for Niels Henrik Abel.