Cauchy's Integral Formula
In particular: "Radius of closed disk", "anticlockwise".
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Theorem
Let $D = \left\{{z \in \C : \left|{z}\right| \le r}\right\}$ be the closed disk of radius $r$ in $\C$.
Let $f: U \to \C$ be holomorphic on some open set containing $D$.
Then for each $a$ in the interior of $D$:
- $\displaystyle f \left({a}\right) = \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \int_{\partial D} \frac {f \left({z}\right)} {\left({z-a}\right)} \ \mathrm d z$
where $\partial D$ is the boundary of $D$, and is traversed anticlockwise.
General Result
Let $n \in \N$ be a natural number.
Then for each $a$ in the interior of $D$:
- $\displaystyle f^{\left({n}\right)} \left({a}\right) = \frac {n!} {2 \pi i} \int_{\partial D} \frac {f \left({z}\right)} {\left({z - a}\right)^{n + 1} } \rd z$
where $\partial D$ is the boundary of $D$, and is traversed anticlockwise.
Proof
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Let $C$ be any arbitrary closed curve which defines a region $R$ where the function $f \left({z}\right)$ is analytic.
Let $z_0$ be any point in the region $R$ such that:
- $\dfrac {f \left({z}\right)} {z - z_0}$ is analytic everywhere except at $z_0$.
We draw a circle $C_1$ with center at $z_0$ and radius $r$ such that $r \to 0$.
This makes $C$ and $C_1$ a multiply connected region.
A diagram at this point would be useful.
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According to Cauchy's Integral Theorem for a multiply connected region:
| \(\displaystyle I\) | \(:=\) | \(\displaystyle \oint_C \frac {f \left({z}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z_0}\right) + \left({f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle f \left({z_0}\right) \oint_{C_1} \frac {\rd z} {z - z_0} + \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ |
Let:
| \(\displaystyle z - z_0\) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle r e^{i \theta}\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) | \(\displaystyle \mathrm d z\) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle i r e^{i \theta} \rd \theta\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | ||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) | \(\displaystyle \oint_{C_1} \frac {\rd z} {z - z_0}\) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle \int_0^{2 \pi} \frac {i r e^{i \theta} } {r e^{i \theta} } \rd \theta\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | ||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle i \int_0^{2 \pi} \rd \theta\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle 2 \pi i\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ |
Now:
- $\displaystyle I = 2 \pi i f \left({z}\right) + \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)} {z - z_0} \ \mathrm d z$
According to Epsilon-Delta definition of limit, for every $\left|{z - z_0}\right| < \delta$ there exists a $\epsilon \in \R_{>0}$ such that:
- $\left|{f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)}\right| < \epsilon$
Hence:
| \(\displaystyle \left\vert{\oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z}\right\vert\) | \(\le\) | \(\displaystyle \oint_{C_1} \frac {\left\vert{f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)}\right\vert} {z - z_0} \left\vert{\rd z}\right\vert\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(\le\) | \(\displaystyle \frac {\epsilon} {\delta} \oint_{C_1} \left\vert{\rd z}\right\vert\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle 2 \pi \epsilon\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ |
As $\epsilon \to 0$:
- $\displaystyle \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z = 0$
So:
| \(\displaystyle I\) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle f \left({z_0}\right) \oint_{C_1} \frac {\rd z} {z - z_0} + \oint_{C_1} \frac {f \left({z}\right) - f \left({z_0}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle 2 \pi i f \left({z_0}\right) + 0\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ | |||||||||
| \(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) | \(\displaystyle \oint_C \frac {f \left({z}\right)} {z - z_0} \rd z\) | \(=\) | \(\displaystyle 2 \pi i f \left({z_0}\right)\) | $\quad$ | $\quad$ |
$\blacksquare$
Source of Name
This entry was named for Augustin Louis Cauchy.
Historical Note
Cauchy's Integral Formula was developed by Augustin Louis Cauchy during his work to establish the groundwork of the discipline of complex analysis.
Karl Weierstrass independently discovered it during his own exercise to rebuild the theory from first principles.
Sources
- 1992: George F. Simmons: Calculus Gems ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter $\text {A}.26$: Cauchy ($1789$ – $1857$)
