Definite Integral of Partial Derivative

Theorem

Let $\map f {x, y}$ and $\map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y}$ be continuous functions of $x$ and $y$ on $D = \closedint {x_1} {x_2} \times \closedint a b$.

Then:

$\ds \frac \d {\d x} \int_a^b \map f {x, y} \rd y = \int_a^b \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} \rd y$

for $x \in \closedint {x_1} {x_2}$.

Proof 1

$\ds \frac \d {\d y} \int_{\map a y}^{\map b y} \map f {x, y} \rd x = \map f {y, \map b y} \frac {\d b} {\d y} - \map f {y, \map a y} \frac {\d a} {\d y} + \int_{\map a y}^{\map b y} \frac {\partial} {\partial y} \map f {x, y} \rd x$

where $\map a y$, $\map b y$ are continuously differentiable.

Setting $\map a y$ and $\map b y$ constant, so that $\exists a, b \in \R: \map a y = a, \map b y = b$:

$\dfrac {\d a} {\d y} = \dfrac {\d b} {\d y} = 0$

from which the result follows immediately.

$\blacksquare$

Proof 2

Define $\ds \map G x = \int_a^b \map f {x, y} \rd y$.

The continuity of $f$ ensures that $G$ exists.

Then by linearity of the integral:

$\dfrac {\Delta G} {\Delta x} = \dfrac {\map G {x + \Delta x} - \map G x} {\Delta x} = \ds \int_a^b \frac {\map f {x + \Delta x, y} - \map f {x, y} } {\Delta x} \rd y$

We want to find the limit of this quantity as $\Delta x$ approaches zero.

For each $y \in \closedint a b$, we can consider $\map {f_y} x = \map f {x, y}$ as a separate function of the single variable $x$, with $\dfrac {\d f_y} {\d x} = \dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x}$.

Thus by the Mean Value Theorem, there is a number $c_y \in \openint x {x + \Delta x}$ such that:

$\map {f_y} {x + \Delta x} - \map {f_y} x = \map {\dfrac {\d f_y} {\d x} } {c_y} \Delta x$

That is:

$\map f {x + \Delta x, y} - \map f {x, y} = \map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {c_y, y} \Delta x$

Therefore:

$\dfrac {\Delta G} {\Delta x} = \ds \int_a^b \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {c_y, y} \rd y$

Now, pick any $\epsilon > 0$ and set $\epsilon_0 = \dfrac {\epsilon} {b - a}$.

Since $\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x}$ is continuous on the compact set $D$, it is uniformly continuous on $D$.

Hence for each $x$ and $y$:

$\size {\map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x + h, y} - \map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} } < \epsilon_0$

whenever $h$ is sufficiently small.

Since $x < c_y < x + \Delta x$, it follows that for sufficiently small $\Delta x$:

$\size {\map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {c_y, y} - \map {\dfrac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} } < \epsilon_0$

regardless of our choice of $y$.

So we can say:

 $\ds \size {\lim_{\Delta x \mathop \to 0} \frac {\Delta G} {\Delta x} - \int_a^b \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} \rd y}$ $=$ $\ds \lim_{\Delta x \mathop \to 0} \size {\int_a^b \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {c_y, y} - \frac {\partial f}{\partial x} \rd y}$ $\ds$ $\le$ $\ds \lim_{\Delta x \mathop \to 0} \int_a^b \size {\map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {c_y, y} - \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} } \rd y$ $\ds$ $\le$ $\ds \int_a^b \epsilon_0 \rd y$ $\ds$ $=$ $\ds \epsilon$

But since $\epsilon$ was arbitrary, it follows that:

$\ds \lim_{\Delta x \mathop \to 0} \frac {\Delta G} {\Delta x} = \int_a^b \map {\frac {\partial f} {\partial x} } {x, y} \rd y$

and the theorem is proved.

$\blacksquare$