# Normality Relation is not Transitive/Proof 2

## Theorem

Let $G$ be a group.

Let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$.

Let $K$ be a normal subgroup of $N$.

Then it is not necessarily the case that $K$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.

## Proof

Let $D_4$ denote the dihedral group $D_4$.

Let $D_4$ be presented in matrix representation:

Let $\mathbf I, \mathbf A, \mathbf B, \mathbf C$ denote the following four elements of the matrix space $\map {\mathcal M_\Z} 2$:

$\mathbf I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \qquad \mathbf A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \qquad \mathbf B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \qquad \mathbf C = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$

The set:

$D_4 = \set {\mathbf I, -\mathbf I, \mathbf A, -\mathbf A, \mathbf B, -\mathbf B, \mathbf C, -\mathbf C}$

under the operation of conventional matrix multiplication, forms the dihedral group $D_4$.

Its Cayley table is given as:

$\begin{array}{r|rrrrrrrr} & \mathbf I & \mathbf A & \mathbf B & \mathbf C & -\mathbf I & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf C \\ \hline \mathbf I & \mathbf I & \mathbf A & \mathbf B & \mathbf C & -\mathbf I & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf C \\ \mathbf A & \mathbf A & \mathbf I & -\mathbf C & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf I & \mathbf C & \mathbf B \\ \mathbf B & \mathbf B & \mathbf C & -\mathbf I & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf C & \mathbf I & \mathbf A \\ \mathbf C & \mathbf C & \mathbf B & \mathbf A & \mathbf I & -\mathbf C & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf I \\ -\mathbf I & -\mathbf I & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf C & \mathbf I & \mathbf A & \mathbf B & \mathbf C \\ -\mathbf A & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf I & \mathbf C & \mathbf B & \mathbf A & \mathbf I & -\mathbf C & -\mathbf B \\ -\mathbf B & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf C & \mathbf I & \mathbf A & \mathbf B & -\mathbf C & -\mathbf I & -\mathbf A \\ -\mathbf C & -\mathbf C & -\mathbf B & -\mathbf A & -\mathbf I & \mathbf C & \mathbf B & \mathbf A & \mathbf I \end{array}$

Consider the subgroup $H$ whose underlying set is:

$H = \set {\mathbf I, \mathbf A, -\mathbf I, -\mathbf A}$

From Subgroup of Index 2 is Normal, $H$ is normal in $D_4$.

Consider the subgroup $H$ whose underlying set is:

$K = \set {\mathbf I, \mathbf A} = \gen {\mathbf A}$

From Subgroup of Index 2 is Normal, $K$ is normal in $H$.

It remains to be demonstrated that $K$ is not normal in $D_4$.