# Projection from Product Topology is Open

## Theorem

Let $T_1 = \struct {S_1, \tau_1}$ and $T_2 = \struct {S_2, \tau_2}$ be topological spaces.

Let $T = \struct {T_1 \times T_2, \tau}$ be the product space of $T_1$ and $T_2$, where $\tau$ is the product topology on $S$.

Let $\pr_1: T \to T_1$ and $\pr_2: T \to T_2$ be the first and second projections from $T$ onto its factors.

Then both $\pr_1$ and $\pr_2$ are open.

### General Result

Let $\family {T_i}_{i \mathop \in I} = \family {\struct {S_i, \tau_i} }_{i \mathop \in I}$ be an indexed family of topological spaces where $I$ is an arbitrary index set.

Let $\ds S = \prod_{i \mathop \in I} S_i$ be the corresponding product space.

Let $\tau$ denote the product topology on $S$.

Let $\pr_i: S \to S_i$ be the corresponding projection from $S$ onto $S_i$.

Then $\pr_i$ is open for all $i \in I$.

## Proof

Let $U \in \tau$.

It follows from the definition of product topology that $U$ can be expressed as:

$\ds U = \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} \map {\pr_{i_{k,j} }^{-1}} { U_{k,j} }$

where $J$ is an arbitrary index set, $n_j \in \N$, $i_{k, j} \in \set {1, 2}$, and $U_{k, j} \in \tau_{i_{k, j} }$.

For all $i \in \set {1, 2}$, define $V_{i, k, j} \in \tau_i$ by:

$V_{i, k, j} = \begin {cases} U_{k, j} & : i = i_{k, j} \\ S_i & : i \ne i_{k, j} \end {cases}$

By definition of projection:

$\map {\pr_{i_{k, j} }^{-1} } {U_{k, j} } = \ds \prod_{i \mathop = 1}^2 V_{i, k, j}$

Without loss of generality, we consider $\pr_1$.

We have:

 $\ds \map {\pr_1} U$ $=$ $\ds \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \map {\pr_1} {\bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} \map {\pr_{i_{k, j} }^{-1} } {U_{k, j} } }$ Image of Union under Relation: Family of Sets $\ds$ $=$ $\ds \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \map {\pr_1} {\bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} \prod_{i \mathop = 1}^2 V_{i, k, j} }$ $\ds$ $=$ $\ds \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \map {\pr_1} {\prod_{i \mathop = 1}^2 \bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} V_{i, k, j} }$ Cartesian Product of Intersections $\ds$ $=$ $\ds \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} V_{1, k, j}$ Definition of Projection

As $\ds \bigcup_{j \mathop \in J} \bigcap_{k \mathop = 1}^{n_j} V_{1, k, j} \in \tau_1$, it follows that $\pr_1$ is open.

The proof for $\pr_2$ is the same, mutatis mutandis.

$\blacksquare$