Convergent Trigonometric Series is Periodic

Theorem

Let $\map S x$ be a trigonometric series:

$\map S x = \dfrac {a_0} 2 + \displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {a_n \cos n x + b_n \sin n x}$

Let $S$ be convergent.

Then $S$ is periodic:

$\forall r \in \Z: \map S {x + 2 r \pi} = \map S x$

Proof

Let $\map S x$ converge to some $L \in \R$.

Let $r \in \Z$ be arbitrary.

Then:

 $\displaystyle \map S {x + 2 r \pi}$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {a_0} 2 + \displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {a_n \cos n \paren {x + 2 r \pi} + b_n \sin n \paren {x + 2 r \pi} }$ Definition of $\map S {x + 2 r \pi}$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {a_0} 2 + \displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {a_n \map \cos {n x + 2 r n \pi} + b_n \map \sin {n x + 2 r n \pi} }$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {a_0} 2 + \displaystyle \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {a_n \cos n x + b_n \sin n x}$ Sine and Cosine are Periodic on Reals $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \map S x$ Definition of $\map S x$

$\blacksquare$