# Jacobi's Equation is Variational Equation of Euler's Equation

## Proof

Let Euler's equation be

$\displaystyle \map {F_y} {x, \hat y, \hat y'}-\frac \d {\d x} \map {F_{y'} } {x, \hat y, \hat y'}= 0$

which is derived from:

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \paren {\map {F_y} {x,\hat y,\hat y'}-\frac \d {\d x} \map {F_{y'} } {x,\hat y,\hat y'} } \rd x = 0$

Let $\map {\hat y} x = \map y x$ and $\map {\hat y} x = \map y x + \map h x$ be solutions of Euler's equation.

 $\displaystyle \map {F_y} {x, y + h, y' + h'} - \frac \d {\d x} \map {F_{y'} } {x, y + h, y' + h'}$ $=$ $\displaystyle F_y + F_{yy} h + F_{yy'} h' + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h'^2} - \map {\frac \d {\d x} } {F_{y'} + F_{y'y} h + F_{y'y'} h' + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h'^2} }$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren{F_y - \frac \d {\d x} F_{y'} } + F_{yy} h + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h h', h'^2} - F_{y'y}' h - F_{y'y'}' h' - F_{y'y'} h'' - \frac \d {\d x} \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h h', h'^2}$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \paren {F_{yy} - \frac \d {\d x} F_{y'y} } h - \map {\frac \d {\d x} } {F_{y'y'} h'} + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h h', h'^2}$

where the omitted ordered tuple of variables is $\tuple {x, y, y'}$, and $\map {\hat y} x = \map y x$ has been used as a solution to $\displaystyle F_y - \frac \d {\d x} F_{y'} = 0$.

Therefore, Euler's equation is to be derived from

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \paren {\paren {F_{yy} - \frac \d {\d x} F_{y'y} } h - \map {\frac \d {\d x} } {F_{y'y'} h'} + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h h', h'^2} } \rd x = 0$
$\displaystyle \int_a^b \map {\mathcal O} {h^2, h h', h'^2} \rd x = \int_a^b \map {\mathcal O} {h^2} \rd x$

Thus, the equivalent differential equation is:

$\displaystyle \paren {F_{yy} - \frac \d {\d x} F_{y'y} } h - \map {\frac \d {\d x} } {F_{y'y'} h'} + \map {\mathcal O} {h^2} = 0$

Omission of $\map {\mathcal O} {h^2}$ and multiplication of equation by $\frac 1 2$ yields Jacobi's equation.

$\blacksquare$