# Linearly Ordered Space is Connected iff Linear Continuum

## Theorem

Let $T = \left({S, \preceq, \tau}\right)$ be a linearly ordered space.

Then $S$ is a connected space if and only if it is a linear continuum.

## Proof

### Necessary Condition

Suppose that $T$ is disconnected and a linear continuum.

Then there are non-empty open sets $U, V$ that separate $T$.

Let $a \in U$ and $b \in V$.

Without loss of generality, suppose that $a \prec b$.

Let $B = \left\{{p \in S: \left[{a \,.\,.\, p}\right] \subseteq U}\right\}$

$B$ contains $a$, so it is non-empty, and it is bounded above by $b$.

In fact, if $y$ is any point not in $U$, it must be an upper bound for $B$:

Because, if it were not bounded above by $y$, there would be some $p \in B$, such that $y < p$.

But $p \in B$ means by definition that $\left[{a \,.\,.\, p}\right] \subseteq U$.

Now, $a < y < p$, so $y \in \left[{a \,.\,.\, p}\right]$ and so $y \in U$, which was not the case by assumption.

So any $y \notin U$ is an upper bound for $B$, and so in particular $b$ is.

So $B$ has a supremum $m$, as a bounded above, non-empty set has a supremum.

This is part of the definition of linear continuum, namely being Dedekind complete.

First suppose that $m \in B$.

Then $m \in U$.

Since $U$ is open, there exists a $p \in S$ such that $\left[{m \,.\,.\, p}\right) \subseteq U$.

Since $S$ is close packed, it has an element $q$ strictly between $m$ and $p$.

Then $m \in B$ implies that:

$\left[{a \,.\,.\, m}\right] \subseteq U$

We also have that:

$\left[{m \,.\,.\, q}\right] \subseteq \left[{m \,.\,.\, p}\right) \subseteq U$

so:

$\left[{a \,.\,.\, q}\right] \subseteq U$

Then $q \in B$, contradicting the fact that $m$ is an upper bound for $B$.

Thus $m \notin B$.

So $\left[{a \,.\,.\, m}\right] \nsubseteq U$ (or else $m \in B$ by definition).

So there is some element $w \in S$ that is in $\left[{a \,.\,.\, m}\right]$ and that is not in $U$.

Thus $w$ lies in $V$, as these two sets cover $S$.

As already proved above, $w \notin U$ implies it is an upper bound for $B$.

But then $m$ is the minimal one upper bound by the definition of supremum, so $w < m$ is impossible.

We can only have $w = m$.

So $m \notin U$, so by necessity, $m \in V$.

Then as $V$ is open, we have some $w' < m$ such that $\left({w' \,.\,.\, m}\right] \subseteq V$.

Again, by $S$ being close packed, we have some $w''$ with $w' < w'' < m$.

This $w''$ is in $V$, so not in $U$

So $w''$ is an upper bound for $B$ again, and strictly smaller than $m$.

This is a contradiction.

This shows that the separation cannot exist.

$\Box$

### Sufficient Condition

Suppose that $T$ is not a linear continuum.

Then either $T$ is not close packed or $T$ is not Dedekind complete.

Suppose first that $T$ is not close packed.

Then there are points $a, b \in S$ such that $a \prec b$ and no point lies strictly between $a$ and $b$.

Thus:

$X = a^\preceq \cup b^\succeq$

and the components of this union are disjoint.

By Mind the Gap:

$a^\preceq = b^\prec$
$b^\succeq = a^\succ$

where:

$a^\preceq$ denotes the lower closure of $a$
$b^\prec$ denotes the strict lower closure of $b$
$b^\succeq$ denotes the upper closure of $b$
$a^\succ$ denotes the strict upper closure of $a$.

Thus these two sets are open sets that separate $T$.

Therefore $T$ is disconnected.

Suppose next that $T$ is not Dedekind complete.

Then there is a non-empty set $B \subset S$ which is bounded above in $S$ but has no supremum in $S$.

Let $U$ be the set of upper bounds of $B$ (non-empty by assumption).

Since $B$ has no supremum, $U$ is open.

Let $A = S \setminus U$ be the set of points that are not upper bounds for $B$.

Let $p \in S \setminus U$.

Then there is an element of $s \in B$ such that $p \prec s$.

Then:

$p \in s^\prec \subset S \setminus U$

Thus $S \setminus U$ is also open.

It is non-empty because it contains all elements of $B$.

So $U$ and $S \setminus U$ are open sets separating $S$.

So $T$ is disconnected.

$\blacksquare$