Relationship between Limit Point Types
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Theorem
Let $T = \struct {X, \tau}$ be a topological space.
Let $A \subseteq X$.
Let:
- $C$ be the set of condensation points of $A$
- $W$ be the set of $\omega$-accumulation points of $A$
- $L$ be the set of limit points of $A$
- $D$ be the set of adherent points of $A$.
Then:
- $C \subseteq W \subseteq L \subseteq D$
That is:
- Every condensation point is an $\omega$-accumulation point
- Every $\omega$-accumulation point is a limit point
- Every limit point is an adherent point.
In general, the inclusions do not hold in the other direction.
Proof
Let $x \in C$.
By definition of condensation point, every open set of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an uncountable number of points of $A$.
As an uncountable number is also an infinite number, we could also say that every open set of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an infinite number of points of $A$.
That is, $x$ is also by definition an $\omega$-accumulation point.
So $x \in W$ and by definition of subset:
- $C \subseteq W$
Note that if $x \in W$ then it could be that there exists an open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ with a countably infinite number of points of $A$.
In that case $x \notin C$.
That is, not every $\omega$-accumulation point is necessarily a condensation point.
$\Box$
Let $x \in W$.
By definition of $\omega$-accumulation point, every open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an infinite number of points of $A$.
So every open set $U$ of $T$ such that $x \in U$ contains some point of $A$ other than $x$ (an infinite number, indeed).
That is, $x$ is also by definition a limit point.
So $x \in L$ and by definition of subset:
- $W \subseteq L$
Let $T = \struct {S, \tau_p}$ be a particular point space.
From Limit Points in Particular Point Space, every point $x \ne p$ is a limit point of $T$.
From Point in Particular Point Space is not Omega-Accumulation Point, $x$ is not an definition of $\omega$-accumulation point of $T$.
So it is seen that not every limit point is necessarily an $\omega$-accumulation point.
$\Box$
Let $x \in L$.
By definition of limit point, every open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ also contains some point of $A$ other than $x$.
So every open set $U$ of $T$ such that $x \in U$ contains some point of $A$.
That is, $x$ is also by definition an adherent point.
So $x \in L$ and by definition of subset:
- $L \subseteq D$
Note that if $x \in D$ then it could be that there exists an open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ in which the only point of $A$ is $x$ itself.
In that case $x \notin L$.
That is, not every adherent point is necessarily a limit point.
$\Box$
Hence the result.
$\blacksquare$
Sources
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- 1978: Lynn Arthur Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr.: Counterexamples in Topology (2nd ed.): Part $\text I$: Basic Definitions: Section $1$: General Introduction: Limit Points