Relationship between Limit Point Types

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Theorem

Let $T = \struct {X, \tau}$ be a topological space.

Let $A \subseteq X$.


Let:

$C$ be the set of condensation points of $A$
$W$ be the set of $\omega$-accumulation points of $A$
$L$ be the set of limit points of $A$
$D$ be the set of adherent points of $A$.


Then:

$C \subseteq W \subseteq L \subseteq D$


That is:

Every condensation point is an $\omega$-accumulation point
Every $\omega$-accumulation point is a limit point
Every limit point is an adherent point.


In general, the inclusions do not hold in the other direction.


Proof

Let $x \in C$.

By definition of condensation point, every open set of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an uncountable number of points of $A$.

As an uncountable number is also an infinite number, we could also say that every open set of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an infinite number of points of $A$.

That is, $x$ is also by definition an $\omega$-accumulation point.

So $x \in W$ and by definition of subset:

$C \subseteq W$


Note that if $x \in W$ then it could be that there exists an open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ with a countably infinite number of points of $A$.

In that case $x \notin C$.


That is, not every $\omega$-accumulation point is necessarily a condensation point.

$\Box$


Let $x \in W$.

By definition of $\omega$-accumulation point, every open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ also contains an infinite number of points of $A$.

So every open set $U$ of $T$ such that $x \in U$ contains some point of $A$ other than $x$ (an infinite number, indeed).


That is, $x$ is also by definition a limit point.

So $x \in L$ and by definition of subset:

$W \subseteq L$


Let $T = \struct {S, \tau_p}$ be a particular point space.

From Limit Points in Particular Point Space, every point $x \ne p$ is a limit point of $T$.

From Point in Particular Point Space is not Omega-Accumulation Point, $x$ is not an definition of $\omega$-accumulation point of $T$.

So it is seen that not every limit point is necessarily an $\omega$-accumulation point.

$\Box$


Let $x \in L$.

By definition of limit point, every open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ also contains some point of $A$ other than $x$.

So every open set $U$ of $T$ such that $x \in U$ contains some point of $A$.


That is, $x$ is also by definition an adherent point.

So $x \in L$ and by definition of subset:

$L \subseteq D$


Note that if $x \in D$ then it could be that there exists an open set $U$ of $T$ containing $x$ in which the only point of $A$ is $x$ itself.

In that case $x \notin L$.


That is, not every adherent point is necessarily a limit point.

$\Box$


Hence the result.

$\blacksquare$


Sources