# Relative Frequency is Probability Measure

## Proof

We check all the Kolmogorov axioms in turn:

### First Axiom

Let $n$ be the number of times a certain event $\omega$ is observed to happen.

Let $n'$ be the number of times $\omega$ is observed not to happen.

By Law of Excluded Middle and Principle of Non-Contradiction, $\omega$ either happened or did not, and not both.

Therefore $n + n'$ is the total number of observations.

It is supposed that at least one observation is actually made, so that $n + n' \ne 0$.

The relative frequency model says that the probability of $\omega$ occurring can be defined as:

$\Pr \left({\omega}\right) = \dfrac n {n + n'}$

the numerator and denominator of which are positive integers such that $n + n' \ge n$.

If $\omega$ is observed never to happen, then $n = 0$ and $\Pr \left({\omega}\right) = \dfrac 0 {0 + n'} = 0$.

If $\omega$ is observed to always happen, then $n' = 0$ and $\Pr \left({\omega}\right) = \dfrac n {n + 0} = 1$.

Otherwise, if $n, n' \ne 0$, from Mediant is Between:

$0 = \dfrac 0 {0 + n'} < \dfrac n {n + n'} < \dfrac n {n + 0} = 1$

Thus $\Pr$ is bounded:

$0 \le \Pr \left({\cdot}\right) \le 1$

$\Box$

### Second Axiom

$\Pr \left({\Omega}\right) = \dfrac {n + n'}{n + n'} = 1$

$\Box$

### Third Axiom

This is a proof by induction.

#### Basis for the Induction

The case $j = 2$ is verified as follows:

Let $A$ and $B$ be two pairwise disjoint events.

Let $p$ and $q$ be the number of times $A$ and $B$ have been observed, respectively.

Let $n$ be the total number of trials observed.

By the definition of pairwise disjoint, $A$ and $B$ never happened at the same time.

By the same reasoning as the proof for the first axiom, in all $n$ observations:

$A$ happened $p$ times
$B$ happened $q$ times
$A \lor B$ happened $p + q$ times.

By hypothesis:

 $\displaystyle \Pr \left({A \cup B} \right)$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac {p + q} n$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \dfrac p n + \dfrac q n$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \Pr \left({A}\right) + \Pr \left({B}\right)$

This is the basis for the induction.

#### Induction Hypothesis

Let $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_j$ be $j$ pairwise disjoint events.

By the definition of the relative frequency model, $j$ is finite.

Assume:

$\displaystyle \Pr \left({\bigcup_{i \mathop = 1}^j A_i}\right) = \Pr \left({A_1}\right) + \Pr \left({A_2}\right) + \cdots + \Pr\left({A_j}\right)$

This is our induction hypothesis.

#### Induction Step

This is our induction step:

Let $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_j, A_{j+1}$ be $j+1$ pairwise disjoint events.

Define $C = A_1 \lor A_2 \lor A_3 \lor \cdots \lor A_j$.

Then $C$ and $A_{j+1}$ are also pairwise disjoint.

By the base case:

$\Pr \left({C \cup A_{j+1}}\right) = \Pr \left({C}\right) + \Pr \left({A_{j+1}} \right)$

By the definition of $C$, this equation is logically equivalent to:

$\displaystyle \Pr \left({\bigcup_{i \mathop = 1}^{j+1} A_i} \right) = \sum_{i \mathop = 1}^{j+1} \Pr \left({A_i} \right)$

By the definition of the relative frequency model, $j + 1$ is finite.

The result follows by the Principle of Mathematical Induction.

$\blacksquare$

## Law of the Excluded Middle

This theorem depends on the Law of the Excluded Middle.

This is one of the axioms of logic that was determined by Aristotle, and forms part of the backbone of classical (Aristotelian) logic.

However, the intuitionist school rejects the Law of the Excluded Middle as a valid logical axiom. This in turn invalidates this theorem from an intuitionistic perspective.