Exponential of Sum/Real Numbers/Proof 3

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Theorem

Let $x, y \in \R$ be real numbers.

Let $\exp x$ be the exponential of $x$.


Then:

$\map \exp {x + y} = \paren {\exp x} \paren {\exp y}$


Proof

Lemma

Let $x, y \in \R$.

Let $n \in \N_{> 0}$ such that $n > -\paren {x + y}$.


Then:

$1 + \dfrac {x + y} n + \dfrac {x y} {n^2} = \paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n} \paren {1 + \dfrac {\paren {\frac {x y} {n + x + y} } } n}$

$\Box$


This proof assumes the definition of $\exp$ as defined by a limit of a sequence:

$\exp x = \ds \lim_{n \mathop \to +\infty} \paren {1 + \frac x n}^n$


From Powers of Group Elements we can presuppose the Exponent Combination Laws for natural number indices.


By definition:

\(\ds \paren {\exp x} \paren {\exp y}\) \(=\) \(\ds \lim_{n \mathop \to +\infty} \paren {1 + \frac x n}^n \lim_{n \mathop \to +\infty} \paren {1 + \frac y n}^n\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \lim_{n \mathop \to +\infty} \paren {\paren {1 + \frac x n} \paren {1 + \frac y n} }^n\) Combination Theorem for Limits of Real Functions
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \lim_{n \mathop \to +\infty} \paren {1 + \frac{x + y} n + \frac{x y} {n^2} }^n\)

Intuitively, the $\paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n}$ term is the most influential of the terms involved in the limit, and:

$\paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n + \dfrac {x y} {n^2} }^n \to \paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n}^n$ as $n \to +\infty$

To formalize this claim:

$\map \exp {x + y} = \exp x \cdot \exp y \iff \dfrac {\exp x \cdot \exp y} {\map \exp {x + y} } = 1$
\(\ds \frac {\paren {1 + \frac {x + y} n + \frac {x y} {n^2} }^n} {\paren {1 + \frac{x + y} n}^n}\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {1 + \frac{x y} {n^2 + n x + n y} }^n\) Lemma
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 0}^n \binom n k \paren {\frac {x y} {n^2 + n x + n y} }^k\) Binomial Theorem
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds 1 + \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \binom n k n^{-k} \paren {\frac {x y} {n + x + y} }^k\)

Now, as $n \to +\infty$, we use the Combination Theorem for Limits of Real Functions to investigate the behavior of this sequence, term by term.

As $1$ trivially converges to $1$, consider now the other terms of the sequence.


We invoke the Squeeze Theorem for Absolutely Convergent Series.

Hence it will suffice to investigate the limit behaviour of:

$\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \, \size {\binom n k n^{-k} \paren {\frac {x y} {n + x + y} }^k}$


From $\dbinom n k$ is not greater than $n^k$:

\(\ds \binom n k\) \(\le\) \(\ds n^k\) for all $n, k$ here considered
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds \binom n k n^{-k}\) \(\le\) \(\ds 1\) divide both sides by $n^k$

Therefore, we may conclude, using Absolute Value is Bounded Below by Zero:

$\ds 0 \le \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \size { {n \choose k} n^{-k} \paren {\frac {x y} {n + x + y} }^k} \le \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^n \size {\frac {x y} {n + x + y} }^k$


From Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence, the right hand term converges to:

\(\ds \frac {\dfrac {x y} {n + x + y} } {1 - \dfrac {x y} {n + x + y} }\) \(=\) \(\ds \frac {x y} {n + x + y - x y}\)
\(\ds \) \(\to\) \(\ds 0\) as $n \to +\infty$
$0 \to 0$ as $n \to +\infty$, trivially.


This means:

$\dfrac {\paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n + \dfrac {x y} {n^2} }^n} {\paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n}^n} \to 1$ as $n \to +\infty$


which is equivalent to our hypothesis:

$\paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n + \dfrac {x y} {n^2} }^n \to \paren {1 + \dfrac {x + y} n}^n$ as $n \to +\infty$

$\blacksquare$

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