# Empty Set is Subset of All Sets

## Theorem

The empty set $\O$ is a subset of every set (including itself).

That is:

$\forall S: \O \subseteq S$

## Proof 1

By the definition of subset, $\O \subseteq S$ means:

$\forall x: \paren {x \in \O \implies x \in S}$

By the definition of the empty set:

$\forall x: \neg \paren {x \in \O}$

Thus $\O \subseteq S$ is vacuously true.

$\blacksquare$

## Proof 2

$S \subseteq T$ means:

every element of $S$ is also in $T$

or, equivalently:

every element that is not in $T$ is not in $S$ either.

Thus:

 $\ds$  $\ds S \subseteq T$ $\ds$ $\leadstoandfrom$ $\ds \forall x \in S: x \in T$ Definition of Subset $\ds$ $\leadstoandfrom$ $\ds \neg \paren {\exists x \in S: \neg \paren {x \in T} }$ De Morgan's Laws (Predicate Logic)

which means there is no element in $S$ which is not also in $T$.

There are no elements of $\O$, from the definition of the empty set.

Therefore $\O$ has no elements that are not also in any other set.

Thus, from the above, all elements of $\O$ are all (vacuously) in every other set.

$\blacksquare$