Modulo Addition is Well-Defined

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Theorem

Let $m \in \Z$ be an integer.

Let $\Z_m$ be the set of integers modulo $m$.


The modulo addition operation on $\Z_m$, defined by the rule:

$\eqclass a m +_m \eqclass b m = \eqclass {a + b} m$

is a well-defined operation.


That is:

If $a \equiv b \pmod m$ and $x \equiv y \pmod m$, then $a + x \equiv b + y \pmod m$.


Corollary

It follows that:

$\eqclass a m -_m \eqclass b m = \eqclass {a - b} m$

is a well-defined operation.


Real Modulus

Let $z \in \R$ be a real number.

Let:

$a \equiv b \pmod z$

and:

$x \equiv y \pmod z$

where $a, b, x, y \in \R$.


Then:

$a + x \equiv b + y \pmod z$


Proof 1

We need to show that if:

$\eqclass {x'} m = \eqclass x m$
$\eqclass {y'} m = \eqclass y m$

then:

$\eqclass {x' + y'} m = \eqclass {x + y} m$


Since:

$\eqclass {x'} m = \eqclass x m$

and:

$\eqclass {y'} m = \eqclass y m$

it follows from the definition of set of integers modulo $m$ that:

$x \equiv x' \pmod m$

and:

$y \equiv y' \pmod m$


By definition, we have:

$x \equiv x' \pmod m \implies \exists k_1 \in \Z: x = x' + k_1 m$
$y \equiv y' \pmod m \implies \exists k_2 \in \Z: y = y' + k_2 m$

which gives us:

$x + y = x' + k_1 m + y' + k_2 m = x' + y' + \paren {k_1 + k_2} m$

As $k_1 + k_2$ is an integer, it follows that, by definition:

$x + y \equiv \paren {x' + y'} \pmod m$


Therefore, by the definition of integers modulo $m$:

$\eqclass {x' + y'} m = \eqclass {x + y} m$

$\blacksquare$


Proof 2

The equivalence class $\eqclass a m$ is defined as:

$\eqclass a m = \set {x \in \Z: x = a + k m: k \in \Z}$

That is, the set of all integers which differ from $a$ by an integer multiple of $m$.

Thus the notation for addition of two set of integers modulo $m$ is not usually $\eqclass a m +_m \eqclass b m$.

What is more normally seen is $a + b \pmod m$.


Using this notation:

\(\ds a\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds b\) \(\ds \pmod m\)
\(\, \ds \land \, \) \(\ds c\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds d\) \(\ds \pmod m\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds a \bmod m\) \(=\) \(\ds b \bmod m\) Definition of Congruence Modulo Integer
\(\, \ds \land \, \) \(\ds c \bmod m\) \(=\) \(\ds d \bmod m\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds a\) \(=\) \(\ds b + k_1 m\) for some $k_1 \in \Z$
\(\, \ds \land \, \) \(\ds c\) \(=\) \(\ds d + k_2 m\) for some $k_2 \in \Z$
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds a + c\) \(=\) \(\ds b + d + \paren {k_1 + k_2} m\) Definition of Integer Addition
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds a + c\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds b + d\) \(\ds \pmod m\) Definition of Modulo Addition

$\blacksquare$


Examples

Modulo Addition: $2 + 3 \equiv -6 + 15 \pmod 4$

We have:

\(\ds 2\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds -6\) \(\ds \pmod 4\) Congruence Modulo $4$: $2 \equiv -6 \pmod 4$
\(\ds 3\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 15\) \(\ds \pmod 4\) Congruence Modulo $4$: $3 \equiv 15 \pmod 4$
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds 2 + 3 = 5\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds -6 + 15 = 9\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)


Modulo Addition: $19 + 6 \equiv 11 + 2 \pmod 4$

We have:

\(\ds 19\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 11\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)
\(\ds 6\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 2\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds 19 + 6 = 25\) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 11 + 2 = 13\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)


Sources

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