Uniqueness of Measures/Proof 2

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Theorem

Let $\struct {X, \Sigma}$ be a measurable space.

Let $\GG \subseteq \powerset X$ be a generator for $\Sigma$; that is, $\Sigma = \map \sigma \GG$.

Suppose that $\GG$ satisfies the following conditions:

$(1):\quad \forall G, H \in \GG: G \cap H \in \GG$
$(2):\quad$ There exists an exhausting sequence $\sequence {G_n}_{n \mathop \in \N} \uparrow X$ in $\GG$


Let $\mu, \nu$ be measures on $\struct {X, \Sigma}$, and suppose that:

$(3):\quad \forall G \in \GG: \map \mu G = \map \nu G$
$(4):\quad \forall n \in \N: \map \mu {G_n}$ is finite


Then:

$\mu = \nu$


Proof

Define the set:

$\AA = \set {T \in \Sigma: \forall G \in \GG: \map \mu {G \cap T} = \map \nu {G \cap T} }$

By Intersection with Subset is Subset, it follows that:

$\forall G \in \GG: G \cap X = G$

Therefore, by hypothesis $(3)$:

$X \in \AA$

Now, define the set:

$\Sigma' = \set {S \in \Sigma: \forall T \in \AA: \map \mu {S \cap T} = \map \nu {S \cap T} }$

It follows directly from the definitions that:

$\GG \subseteq \Sigma' \subseteq \Sigma$

We have a priori:

$X \in \AA$

Hence:

$\mu {\restriction_{\Sigma'} } = \nu {\restriction_{\Sigma'} }$

where $\restriction$ denotes restriction.

By the definition of the $\sigma$-algebra generated by $\GG$ and set equality, it suffices to show that $\Sigma'$ is a $\sigma$-algebra over $X$.

This would then imply that $\Sigma = \Sigma'$, the desired result.


  • Proposition $1$. If $T \in \AA$ and $G \in \GG$, then $G \cap T \in \AA$.

Proof. Let $H \in \GG$ be arbitrary.

By the associativity of intersection, it follows that $H \cap \paren {G \cap T} = \paren {H \cap G} \cap T$.

The result follows because $H \cap G \in \GG$ by assumption $(1)$.

$\Box$


  • Proposition $2$. If $T \in \AA$ and $S \in \Sigma'$, then $S \cap T \in \AA$.

Proof. Let $G \in \GG$ be arbitrary.

By the associativity and commutativity of intersection, $G \cap \paren {S \cap T} = S \cap \paren {G \cap T}$.

The result follows by the definition of $\Sigma'$, and because $G \cap T \in \AA$ by Proposition $1$.

$\Box$


  • Lemma $1$. If $A, B \in \Sigma'$, then $A \cap B \in \Sigma'$.

Proof. Let $T \in \AA$ be arbitrary.

By the associativity of intersection, it follows that $\paren {A \cap B} \cap T = A \cap \paren {B \cap T}$.

The result follows because $B \cap T \in \AA$ by Proposition $2$.

$\Box$


  • Proposition $3$. If $A, B \in \Sigma'$ and $\map \mu A$ is finite, then $A \cup B \in \Sigma'$.

Proof. Let $T \in \AA$ be arbitrary. Then:

\(\ds \map \mu {\paren {A \cup B} \cap T}\) \(=\) \(\ds \map \mu {\paren {A \cap T} \cup \paren {B \cap T} }\) Intersection is Commutative and Intersection Distributes over Union
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map \mu {A \cap T} + \map \mu {B \cap T} - \map \mu {\paren {A \cap T} \cap \paren {B \cap T} }\) Measure is Strongly Additive
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map \mu {A \cap T} + \map \mu {B \cap T} - \map \mu {\paren {A \cap B} \cap T}\) Intersection is Associative, Intersection is Commutative and Set Intersection is Idempotent

and similarly for $\nu$.

The result follows because $A \cap B \in \Sigma'$ by Lemma $1$.

$\Box$


  • Corollary $1$.
$\ds \forall n \in \N: \bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n G_k \in \Sigma'$

Proof. The result follows by assumption $(4)$, Proposition $3$, the associativity of intersection, and mathematical induction on $n$.

$\Box$


  • Lemma $2$. If $S \in \Sigma'$, then $X \setminus S \in \Sigma'$.

Proof. Let $T \in \AA$ be arbitrary. Then:

\(\ds \map \mu {\paren {X \setminus S} \cap T}\) \(=\) \(\ds \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \map \mu {\bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n G_k \cap T \setminus S}\) by assumption $(2)$, Intersection with Set Difference is Set Difference with Intersection, Intersection is Commutative, Intersection Distributes over Union, Set Difference is Right Distributive over Union, and by Characterization of Measures: $(3)$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \paren {\map \mu {\bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n G_k \cap T} - \map \mu {\bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n G_k \cap S \cap T} }\) Set Difference and Intersection form Partition, Measure is Finitely Additive Function, Intersection is Associative, Intersection is Commutative; this expression is defined because of Intersection is Subset, the monotonicity of $\mu$, and the subadditivity of $\mu$, by assumption $(4)$

and similarly for $\nu$.

The result follows by Corollary $1$ and Lemma $1$.

$\Box$


Proof. The result follows from Lemmas $1$ and $2$, and De Morgan's laws.

$\Box$


Proof. By Corollary $2$, it suffices to show that $\Sigma'$ is a $\sigma$-ring.

Let $\sequence {S_k}_{k \mathop = 0}^\infty$ be a sequence of sets in $\Sigma'$, and let $T \in \AA$ be arbitrary.

By the Intersection Distributes over Union and Characterization of Measures: $(3)$:

$\ds \map \mu {\bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^\infty S_k \cap T} = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \map \mu {\bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n S_k \cap T}$

and similarly for $\nu$.

By Corollary $2$, it follows by the associativity of intersection and by mathematical induction on $n$ that:

$\ds \forall n \in \N: \bigcup_{k \mathop = 0}^n S_k \in \Sigma'$

Therefore, $\Sigma'$ is a $\sigma$-ring, and the theorem is proven.

$\blacksquare$

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