# Nonnegative Quadratic Functional implies no Interior Conjugate Points

## Theorem

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \left ( { P h'^2 + Q h^2 } \right ) \rd x$

where

$\displaystyle P \left ( { x } \right ) > 0 \quad \forall x \in \closedint a b$

is nonnegative for all $h \left ( { x } \right )$:

$h \left ( { a } \right )= h \left ( { b } \right ) = 0$

then the interval $\closedint a b$ contains no inside points conjugate to $a$.

In other words, the interval $\openint a b$ contains no points conjugate to $a$.

## Proof

Consider the functional

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \left [ { t \left ( { Ph^2 + Q h'^2 } \right ) + \left ( { 1 - t } \right ) h'^2 } \right ] \mathrm d x \quad \forall t \in \closedint 0 1$

By assumption:

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \left ( { Ph'^2 + Q h^2 } \right ) \mathrm d x \ge 0$

For $t = 1$, Euler's Equation reads

$h'' \left ( { x } \right ) = 0$

which, along with condition $h \left ( { a } \right ) = 0$, is solved by

$h \left ( { x } \right ) = x - a$

for which there are no conjugate points in $\closedint a b$.

In other words:

$h \left ( { x } \right ) > 0 \quad \forall x \in \openint a b$.

Hence

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \left [ { t \left ( { Ph'^2 + Q h^2 } \right ) + \left ( { 1 - t } \right ) h'^2 } \right ] \mathrm d x \ge 0 \quad \forall t \in \closedint 0 1$

The corresponding Euler's Equation is

 $\displaystyle 2 Q h t - \frac{ \mathrm d }{ \mathrm d x } \left [ { 2t P h' + 2 h' \left ( { 1-t } \right ) } \right ]$ $=$ $\displaystyle 0$

which is equivalent to

$\displaystyle - \frac{ \mathrm d }{ \mathrm d x } \left \{ \left [ t P +\left ( { 1 - t } \right ) \right ] h' \right \} + t Q h = 0$

Let $h \left ( { x, t } \right )$ be a solution to this such that

$\forall t \in \closedint 0 1 \quad h \left ( { a, t } \right ) = 0, ~h_x \left ( { a, t } \right ) = 1$

Suppose that for $h \left ( { x, t } \right )$ there exists a conjugate point $\tilde a$ to $a$ in $\closedint a b$.

In other words:

$\exists \tilde a \in \closedint a b: h \left ( { \tilde a, 1 } \right ) = 0$

By definition, $a \ne \tilde a$.

Suppose $\tilde a = b$.

Then by lemma,

$\displaystyle \int_a^b \left ( { Ph'^2 + Qh^2 } \right ) \mathrm d x = 0$

This agrees with the assumption.

Therefore, it is allowed that $\tilde a = b$.

For $t = 1$, any other conjugate point of $h \left ( { x, t } \right )$ may reside only in $\openint a b$.

Consider the following set of all points $\left ( { x, t } \right )$:

$\left \{ \left( { x, t } \right) : \left ( { \forall x \in \closedint a b} \right ) \left ( { \forall t \in \closedint 0 1} \right ) \left [ { h \left ( { x , t } \right ) = 0 } \right ] \right \}$

If it is non-empty, it represents a curve in $x - t$ plane, such that $h_x \left({x, t}\right) \ne 0$.

By the Implicit Function Theorem, $x \left({t}\right)$ is continuous.

By hypothesis, $\left({\tilde a, 1}\right)$ lies on this curve.

Suppose, the curve starts at this point.

The curve can terminate either inside the rectangle or its boundary.

If it terminates inside the rectangle $\closedint a b \times \closedint 0 1$, it implies that there is a discontinuous jump in the value of $h$.

Therefore, it contradicts the continuity of $h \left ( { x, t } \right )$ in the interval $t \in \closedint 0 1$.

If it intersects the line segment $x = b, 0 \le t \le 1$, then by lemma it vanishes.

This contradicts positive-definiteness of the functional for all $t$.

If it intersects the line segment $a \le x \le b, t = 1$, then $\exists t_0 : \left ( { h \left ( { x, t_0 } \right )=0 } \right ) \land \left ( { h_x \left ( { x, t_0 } \right )=0 } \right )$.

If it intersects $a \le x \le b, t = 0$, then Euler's equation reduces to $h'' = 0$ with solution $h = x - a$, which vanishes only for $x = a$.

If it intersects $x = a, 0 \le t \le 1$, then $\exists t_0: h_x \left({a, t_0}\right) = 0$

By Proof by Cases, no such curve exists.

Thus, the point $\tuple {\tilde a, 1}$ does not exist, since it belongs to this curve.

Hence, there are no conjugate points of $\map h {x, 1} = \map h x$ in the interval $\openint a b$.

$\blacksquare$

## Sources

1963: I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Fomin: Calculus of Variations ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 5.26$: Analysis of the Quadratic Functional $\int_a^b \paren {P h'^2 + Q h^2} \rd x$